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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
The set of policies and controls that determine what inventory levels should be maintained, when stock should be replenished, and how large orders should be
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Purposes of Inventory
1. To maintain independence of operations
Inventory Costs
Holding (or carrying) costs Setup (or production change) costs Ordering costs Shortage (or backlog) costs
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Inventory Control
Inventory
Fixed Order Quantity Models
Constant Demand EOQ w/ Quantity Discounts Calculate Total costs Select Q and find R Uncertainty in Demand
Inventory Models
Single Period Models
Assumptions
Demand for the product is constant and uniform throughout the period Lead time (time from ordering to receipt) is constant Price per unit of product is constant Inventory holding cost is based on average inventory Ordering or setup costs are constant All demands for the product will be satisfied (No back orders are allowed)
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Inventory Level
Q R
L
Time
R = Reorder point Q = Economic order quantity L = Lead time
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
C O S T
Total Cost Holding Costs Annual Cost of Items (DC) Ordering Costs
QOPT Order Quantity (Q)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Using calculus, we take the derivative of the total cost function and set the derivative (slope) equal to zero
2DS 2(Annual Demand)(Or der or Setup Cost) QOPT = = H Annual Holding Cost
Reorder Point, R = dL
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EOQ Example
Annual Demand (D) = 1,000 units Days per year considered in average daily demand = 365 Cost to place an order (S) = $10 Holding cost per unit per year (H) = $2.40 Lead time (L) = 7 days Cost per unit (C) = $15
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Solution
Q OPT = 2DS = H 2(1,000 )(10) = 91.287 units 2.40
91 or 92 units???
1,000 units / year d = = 2.74 units / day 365 days / year Why do we round up?
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Problem
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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What if we get a price break for buying a larger quantity? To find the lowest cost order quantity:
Since C changes for each price-break, H=iC Where, i = percentage of unit cost attributed to carrying inventory and , C = cost (or price) per unit Find the EOQ at each price break. Identify relevant and feasible order quantities. Compare total annual costs The lowest cost wins.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Problem 28
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(Costs in $,000)
>5000
40 0 20 40 60 80 100
Inventory Control
Inventory
Fixed Order Quantity Models
Constant Demand Uncertainty in Demand
Inventory Models
Single Period Models
Use safety stock to cover uncertainty in demand. Given: service probability which is the probability demand will NOT exceed some amount. The safety stock level is set by increasing the reorder point by the amount of safety stock. The safety stock equals zL where, L = the standard deviation of demand during the lead time.
For example for a 5% chance of running out z 1.65
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Problem
Annual Demand = 25,750 or 515/wk @ 50 wks/year Annual Holding costs = 33% of item cost ($10/unit) Ordering costs are $250.00 d = 25 per week Leadtime = 1 week Service Probability = 95% Find: a.) the EOQ and R b.) annual holding costs and annual setup costs c.) Would you accept a price break of $50 per order for lot sizes that are larger than 2000?
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Inventory Control
Inventory
Fixed Order Quantity Models
Inventory Models
Single Period Models
Check the inventory every review period and then order a quantity that is large enough to cover demand until the next order will come in.
The model assumes uncertainty in demand with safety stock added to the order quantity.
More exposure to variability than fixed-order models
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
q = d(T + L) + Z T + L - I Where : q = quantity to be ordered T = the number of days between reviews L = lead time in days d = forecast average daily demand z = the number of standard deviations for a specified service probabilit y T + L = standard deviation of demand over thereview and lead time I = currentinventory level (includes items on order)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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di
T + L = (T + L) d
The standard deviation of a sequence of random events equals the square root of the sum of the variances.
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Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Average daily demand for a product is 20 units. The review period is 30 days, and lead time is 10 days. Management has set a policy of satisfying 96 percent of demand from items in stock. At the beginning of the review period there are 200 units in inventory. The daily demand standard deviation is 4 units.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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30 + 10 4 2 = 25.298
q = d(T + L) + Z T + L - I q = 20(30 + 10) + (1.75)(25. 298) - 200 q = 800 44.272 - 200 = 644.272, or 645 units
So, to satisfy 96 percent of the demand, you should place an order of 645 units at this review period.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Problem
A pharmacy orders antibiotics every two weeks (14 days). the daily demand equals 2000 the daily standard deviation of demand = 800 lead time is 5 days service level is 99 % present inventory level is 25,000 units
Inventory Control
Inventory
Fixed Order Quantity Models
Constant Demand Uncertainty in Demand
Inventory Models
Single Period Models
0.05
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05
Each dozen sells for $0.69 and costs $0.49 with a salvage value of $0.29.
% of $ Value 30
0
60
A B C
% of Use
30
60
So, identify inventory items based on percentage of total dollar value, where A items are roughly top 15 %, B items as next 35 %, and the lower 50% are the C items.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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Inventory accuracy
Cycle Counting
Frequent counts When? (zero balance, backorder, specified level of activity, level of important item, etc.)
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
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