DEFINITION OF MATRIX

A MATRIX is an ordered
rectangular array of numbers or
functions.
The numbers or functions are
called elements or the entries of
the matrix.
 Example of a MATRIX

1 2 3

4 5 6

• A=
7 8 9

ORDER OF A MATRIX = ROW * COLUMN

= (m*n)
For the above example order of A matrix = 3 * 3
Elements of A matrix = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
 TYPES OF MATRICES
Rectangular matrix 1 2 3 4
A=
5 6 7 8
2*4

Column matrix A= 1
2
2*1

Row matrix A= 1 2 3
1* 3
Square matrix A= 0 4
6 3
2*2

Diagonal matrix A= 1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 7
3*3

Scalar matrix A= 2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
3*3
Identity matrix A= 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3*3

Null matrix A= 0 0
2*2
0 0

Triangular matrix
(can be upper or lower
A = 1 2 3
triangular matrix.) 0 4 5
3*3
0 0 6
OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

Addition / Subtraction : When two

matrices are added or subtracted then
the order of matrix should be same.
for e.g.- A + B = C
1 2 0 5 1 7
+ =

3 4 7 8 10 12
Same is the procedure for Subtraction
of matrices.
 Multiplication :
1) with scalar- e.g. A = 1 4
7 4
2*2

2A = 2 1 7 = 2 14
7 4 14 8
2*2 2*2

2)Matrix multiplication
Necessary condition for matrix multiplication:
1.Column of first matrix should be equal to the row
of second of matrix.
e.g.- 2 3 * 1 2
4 0 2*2 0 0 2*2

2*1+3*0 2*2+3*0
4*1+0*0 4*2+0*0

2 4
4 8
2*2
 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
• A matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of the original matrix. It
is denoted by A`.
E.g.- 1 2 ; A` = 1 3
A= 3 0 2 0
 DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX
To every square matrix of associate a
number (real or complex) called
determinant of the matrix.
REMARKS:
It is denoted by modulus sign i.e. A .
Only square matrices have determinants.
e.g.-for a matrix of order two
A = 1 2 : A = 1*1 – 2*2
2 1 = 1 - 4 => -3
• e.g.- for a matrix more than two
1 2 4
A = -1 3 0
4 1 0

A = 4 -1 3 - 0 1 2 +0 1 2
4 1 4 1 -1 3

= 4 (-1-12) – 0+0 = -52

• Adjoint of a matrix : The adjoint of a square
matrix A = [aij] n * n is defined as the transpose of
the matrix [Aij] n * n where Aij is the cofactor of the
element aij. It is denoted by adj A.

• Inverse of a matrix :
The inverse of an inverse matrix itself
The transpose of the inverse of a matrix is
equal to the inverse of the transpose.
The inverse of a matrix, if it exists, is unique.
-1
A = AdjA
A
INRODUCTION TO APPLICATION
OF MATRICES
Matrices are one of the most powerful tools in Maths.
The evolution of concept of matrices is the result of a n
attempt to obtain compact and simple methods of solving
system of linear equation. Matrix notation and operations
are used in ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET, programs
for personal computer which in turn is used in different
areas of business and science like BUDGETING, SALES
PROJECTION, COST ESTIMATION etc. Also many
physical operations such as magnifications, rotations
and reflection through a plane can be represented
mathematically by matrices. This mathematical tool is
not only used in certain branches of sciences but also in
genetics, economics, sociology, modern psychology and
in industrial management.
 APPLICATION TO MATRICES
• Two-commodity market equilibrium
x1p1+y1p2=z1 or x1 y1 p1 = z1
x2p1+y2p2=z2 x2 y2 p2 = z2
A= a1 b1 A=a1b2-a2b1
a2 b2
Also C= b2 - a2 A = 1 b 2 - b1
-b1 a1 a1b2-a2b1 -a2 a1
Further, p1 = 1 b2 -b1 z1
p2 a2b2- a2b1 -a2 -a1 z2
Thus equilibrium prices are p1=z1b1-z2b2
a1b2-a2b2
And p2=z2a1-z1a2
a1b2-a2b1
 NATIONAL INCOME METHOD
Y=C+I
C=a+bY
1 -1 Y I
=
-b 1 C a

I -1 I+a C=1 I a+bI

Y=
a 1 I-b -b a = 1-b
=
1 -1 1–b
-b 1
e.g.
Amount of 4,000 n three investments @ 7% , 8%, and 9% p.a. resp. The total
annual income is rs. 317.50 and the annual income from the first investment
is rs.5 more than the income from the second. Find the amount of each
investment.
Solution
1 1 1 a 4000
7 8 9 b = 31750
7 -8 0 c 500
A = 23; A = 34500; A = 28750 ; A = 28750;
1st investment = 34500 ; 2nd investment = 28750 ;

23 23
3rd investment = 28750
23
 MARKOV BRAND-SWITCHING MODEL

• There are 2 brands A and B. Let the current market

share of brand A be 60% and that of B be 40%.Since
brand switching takes place so 70% of the consumers of
brand A continue to use it while remaining 30% switch to
brand B. Similarly, 80% of the consumers of brand B
continue to use it while remaining 20% switch to brand A.
S = [0.6 0.4]

P= 0.7 0.3
A
0.2 0.8
B
 S(1) = [0.6 0.4] 0.7 0.3
0.2 0.8 = [0.5 0.5]

S(2) = S(1).P

S[ I – P ] = 0
[SA S B] 1 – 0.7 -0.3 0
- 0.2 1 – 0.8 = 0

[SA S B] 0.3 -0.3 0

-0.2 0.2 = 0
SA + S B = 1
0.3SA – 0.2SB = 0
We get SA = 0.4 or 40% and SB = 0.6 or 60%
• In many practical situations additional information about
the matrices involved is known. An important case are
sparse matrices, i.e. matrices most of whose entries are
zero. There are specifically adapted algorithms for, say,
solving linear systems Ax = b for sparse matrices A, such
as the conjugate gradient method.[31]
• An algorithm is, roughly speaking, numerical stable, if
little deviations (such as rounding errors) do not lead to
big deviations in the result. For example, calculating the
inverse of a matrix via Laplace's formula (Adj (A)
denotes the adjugate matrix of A)
• A-1 = Adj(A) / det(A)
• Chemistry makes use of matrices in various ways,
particularly since the use of quantum theory to discuss
molecular bonding and spectroscopy. Examples are the
overlap matrix and the Fock matrix using in solving the
Roothaan equations to the molecular orbitals of the
Hartree–Fock method.
• Geometrical optics provides further matrix applications.
In this approximative theory, the wave nature of light is
neglected. The result is a model in which light rays are
indeed geometrical rays.
• If the deflection of light rays by optical elements
is small, the action of a lens or reflective element
on a given light ray can be expressed as
multiplication of a two-component vector with a
two-by-two matrix called ray transfer matrix: the
vector's components are the light ray's slope and
its distance from the optical axis, while the
matrix encodes the properties of the optical
element. The matrix characterizing an optical
system consisting of a combination of lenses
and/or reflective elements is simply the product
of the components' matrices.
THERE ARE MANY MORE APPLICATIONS TO
MATRICES IN DAY-TO-DAY LIFE ALSO.
LIMITATIONS OF MATRICES
Complicated calculations.
Difficulty in finding DETERMINANT of a 4 * 4
matrix and more.
Time consuming.
Inappropriate and doubtful results.
Lengthy procedure involved.
Tends to create confusion which increases the
proportion of mistakes.
 PRESENTERS :-
• ARPITA LATTA
• SAKSHI SRIVASTAVA
• MAHIMA SHANKAR
• ARUSHI SINGH
• SAYANTI SANYAL
• RAHUL ANAND
• PALLAVI SHUKLA
• SOUMYA R.
• VAIBHAV TYAGI