Our G-enealogy

Brough Turner
Founder & CTO

Ashtonbrooke.com
broughturner@gmail.com http://blogs.broughturner.com

Our G-enealogy
How the history of cellular technology helps us understand 4G technology and business models and their likely impact on wireless broadband Brief history of cellular wireless telephony
Radio technology: TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA Mobile core network architectures

Demographics & market trends today

3.5G, WiMAX, LTE & 4G migration paths

Google 3G Tutorial 4G Tutorial

Implications for the next 2-5 years

2

Outrageous ideas
5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz
2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15%
* i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution

Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX

e.g. user owned versus service provider owned

Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access Open 3 GHz 10 GHz to all

License exempt on secondary access basis
3

Mobiles overtake fixed

Source: ITU World ICT Indicators, June 2008 4

Mobile Generations
G 1 2 2.5
Analog Digital TDMA, CDMA GPRS mux packets in voice timeslots Improved modulation, using CDMA variants More modulation tweaks New modulation (OFDMA); Multi-path (MIMO); All IP

Summary

Data Rates
Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data) 15 - 40 Kbps 50 144 Kbps (1xRTT); 200 384 Kbps (UMTS); 500 Kbps 2.4 Mbps (EVDO) 214 Mbps (HSPA), then 28 Mbps & 42/84 Mbps future evolution LTE: potentially >100 Mbps with adequate spectrum (20 MHz)

3
3.5 4
5

Enormous technology change

but

commercial issues trump technology

and

legal-regulatory trumps all

Origins of Wireless Communications

1864: James Clark Maxwell
Predicts existence of radio waves

1886: Heinrich Rudolph Hertz

Demonstrates radio waves

1895-1901: Guglielmo Marconi

Demonstrates wireless communications over increasing distances

Also in the 1890s

Nikola Tesla, Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Jagdish Chandra Bose and others, demonstrate forms of wireless communications
8

First Mobile Radio Telephone, 1924

Courtesy of Rich Howard

Cellular Mobile Telephony

Antenna diversity
Cellular concept
Bell Labs (1957 & 1960)
2 3 1 6 4 7 5 3 1 2 4 5 6 1 1

7
2 3 6 4 7 5 3

Frequency reuse
typically every 7 cells

Handoff as caller moves Modified CO switch

HLR, paging, handoffs

Sectors improve reuse

every 3 cells possible

10

First Generation (nearly all retired)

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83) 800 MHz; two 20 MHz bands; TIA-553

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland Launched 1981 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)

Total Access Communications System (TACS)

British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985
11

2nd Generation digital systems

Leverage technology to increase capacity
Speech compression; digital signal processing

Utilize/extend Intelligent Network concepts

Improve fraud prevention; Add new services

Wide diversity of 2G systems

12

IS-54/ IS-136 Digital AMPS; PDC (Japan) DECT and PHS; iDEN IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne) GSM

2G CDMA (cdmaOne)
Code Division Multiple Access
all users share same frequency band discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G

Qualcomm demo in 1989

claimed improved capacity & simplified planning

First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994 Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996) Adopted by Verizon and Sprint in US

Easy migration to 3G (same modulation)

13

GSM Global System for Mobile

Originally Groupe Spcial Mobile
joint European effort beginning 1982 Focus: seamless roaming all Europe

Services launched 1991

time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) 900 MHz band; later 1800 MHz; then 850/1900 MHz

GSM dominant world standard today

well defined interfaces; many competitors; lowest cost to deploy network effect took hold in late 1990s
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GSM Dominant Today

GSM+3GSM used by 88% of subscribers worldwide Asia leads with 42% of all mobile subscriptions
AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM/3GSM in US today

GSM Subscribers

Source: Wireless Intelligence / GSM Association

15

GSM substantially enhanced

Widely deployed significant payback for enhancements

HSCSD - high speed circuit-switched data GPRS - general packet radio service

Synchronization between cells

Minimize interference; help fix mobiles location

AMR vocoder increase capacity (& fidelity)

Frequency hopping (to overcome fading)

Discontinuous transmission (more calls/ cell) Cell overlays with reuse partioning
16

1G, 2G, 3G Multi-Access Technologies

Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World

4G and future wireless systems optimize a combination of frequency, time and coding e.g. OFDMA & SC-FDMA (discussed later)
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2G & 3G Code Division Multiple Access

Spread spectrum modulation
originally developed for the military resists jamming and many kinds of interference coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code

All users share same (large) block of spectrum

one for one frequency reuse soft handoffs possible

All 3G radio standards based on CDMA

CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA
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Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard

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The 3G Vision
Universal global roaming
Sought 1 standard (not 7), (but got 3: 3GSM, CDMA 2000 & TD-SCDMA)

Increased data rates

Multimedia (voice, data & video) Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)

Data-centric architecture (ATM at first, later IP)

But deployment took much longer than expected
No killer data app; new spectrum costly; telecom bubble burst; much of the vision was vendor-driven

20

3G Radio technology today

CDMA 2000 Multi Carrier CDMA
Evolution of IS-95 CDMA; but now a dead end

UMTS (W-CDMA, HSPA) Direct Spread CDMA

Defined by 3GPP Paired spectrum bands

TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous CDMA

Defined by Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology under the Ministry of Information Industry
Single spectral band with time division duplexing

21

Why CDMA 2000 lost out

Had better migration story from 2G to 3G
Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA (IS-95) cdmaOne operators didnt need additional spectrum

Higher data rates than UMTS, at least at first Couldnt compete with GSMs critical mass
Last straw when Verizon Wireless selected 3GPPs Long Term Evolution (LTE) for their 4G network Verizon selection 11/07 Qualcomm abandons further development 11/08
22

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

Japan

USA

Partnership of 6 regional standards groups, which translate 3GPP specifications to regional standards Controls evolution of GSM, 3GSM (UMTS, WCDMA, HSPA) & LTE

23

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UMTS (3GSM) is market leader

GSM evolution: W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSPA, +
leverages GSMs dominant position

Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere Requires substantial new spectrum

5 MHz each way (symmetric) at a minimum

Slow start (was behind CDMA 2000), but now the accepted leader
Network effect built on GSMs >80% market share Surely LTE will benefit in the same fashion
24

TD-SCDMA (Time division synchronous CDMA)

Chinese development
IPR bargaining tool with West? Late to market, but big deployment plans

Single spectral band

unpaired spectrum; as little as 1.6 MHz; time division duplex (TDD) with high spectral efficiency; good match for asymmetrical traffic!

Power amplifiers must be very linear

relatively hard to meet specifications
25

China 3G
Largest mobile market in world (630 M subs)
Largest population in world (1.3 billion)

Home-brew 3G standard: TD-SCDMA

3G licenses were delayed until TD-SCDMA worked 2008 trials: 10 cities, 15K BSs & 60K handsets

3G granted January 2009

China Mobile: TD-SCDMA China Unicom: 3GSM (UMTS) China Telecom: CDMA 2000
26

3G Adoption DoCoMo Japan

2G: mova

3G: FOMA

Potential to discontinue 2G services in 2010

27

3G Subscribers (2Q 2008)

18% on 3G; 82% on 2G; 0.01% on 1G EU & US 3G penetration approaching 30% US penetration rate soaring
3-month averages ending June 2008 & June 2007

All mobile subscribers ages 13+

Source: comScore MobiLens

28

3G data-only subscribers
Soaring adoption of 3G USB Data Modems
92% of all 3G data bytes in Finland in 2H07

Informa on EU 3G devices, May 2008

101.5M 3G devices: 64 M handsets, 37M 3G data modems

In-Stat/ ABI Research

In-Stat: 5M cellular modems in 2006 ABI Research 300% growth in 2007, i.e. 20M? Enormous growth, from a relatively small base
29

Diverse Mobile Wireless Spectrum

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Wireless Migration

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OFDM

OFDMA MIMO
Wireless capacity / throughput

4G
LTE 3G 2G First cell phones AMPS WiMAX Wi-Fi

UMTS/HSPA CDMA

GSM

1970
32

1980

1990

2000

2010

ITU-T Framework

Pervasive connectivity WLAN - WMAN - WWAN ITU-T United Nations telecommunications standards organization Accepts detailed standards contributions from 3GPP, IEEE and other groups
33

3GPP WWAN (wireless wide area network) IEEE 802.16 WMAN (wireless metropolitan area network) IEEE 802.11 WLAN (wireless local area network)

ITU Mobile Telecommunications

IMT-2000
Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless Detailed specifications from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI and others

IMT-Advanced
New communications framework: deployment ~2010 to 2015 Data rates to reach around 100 Mbps for high mobility and 1 Gbps for nomadic networks (i.e. WLANs) High mobility case via either or both evolved LTE & WiMAX 802.11ac and 802.11ad addressing the nomadic case

34

LTE highlights
Sophisticated multiple access schemes
DL: OFDMA with Cyclic Prefix (CP) UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP

Adaptive modulation and coding

QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM 1/3 coding rate, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contention-free internal interleaver

Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing

(2 or 4) x (2 or 4) downlink and uplink
35

4G Technology OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Supercedes CDMA used in all 3G variants

OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) plus statistical multiplexing

Optimization of time, frequency & code multiplexing

OFDM already deployed in 802.11a & 802.11g

Took Wi-Fi from 11 Mbps to 54 Mbps & beyond

36

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Many closely-spaced sub-carriers, chosen to be orthogonal, thus eliminating inter-carrier interference Varies bits per sub-carrier based on instantaneous received power

37

Statistical Multiplexing (in OFDMA)

Dynamically allocate user data to sub-carriers based on instantaneous data rates and varying sub-carrier capacities

Highly efficient use of spectrum

Robust against fading, e.g. for mobile operation

38

FDMA vs. OFDMA

OFDMA more frequency efficient Dynamically map traffic to frequencies based on their instantaneous throughput
Guard band Channel

FDMA
39

OFDMA

4G Technology - MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output smart antenna technology Multiple paths improve link reliability and increase spectral efficiency (bps per Hz), range and directionality

40

Municipal Multipath Environment

41

SDMA = Smart Antenna Technologies

Beamforming
Use multiple-antennas to spatially shape the beam

Spatial Multiplexing a.k.a. Collaborative MIMO

Multiple streams transmitted Multi-antenna receivers separate the streams to achieve higher throughput On uplink, multiple singleantenna stations can transmit simultaneously

Space-Time Codes
Transmit diversity such as Alamouti code reduces fading
42

2x2 Collaborative MIMO give 2x peak data rate by transmitting two data streams

4G Technology SC-FDMA
Single carrier multiple access
Used for LTE uplinks Being considered for 802.16m uplink

Similar structure and performance to OFDMA

Single carrier modulation with DFT-spread orthogonal frequency multiplexing and FD equalization

Lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

Improves cell-edge performance Transmit efficiency conserves handset battery life
43

Key Features of WiMAX and LTE

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) Users are allocated a slice in time and frequency Flexible, dynamic per user resource allocation Base station scheduler for uplink and downlink resource allocation
Resource allocation information conveyed on a frameby frame basis

Support for TDD (time division duplex) and FDD (frequency division duplex) TDD: single frequency channel for uplink and downlink DL UL DL UL

FDD Paired channels

44

3G/4G Comparison
Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Downlink HSPA (today) 14 Mbps Uplink 2 Mbps 50-250 msec Access time (msec)

HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2

HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAM Downlink) WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz channel

28 Mbps
42 Mbps 40 Mbps 43.2 Mbps

11.6 Mbps
11.6 Mbps 10 Mbps 21.6 Mbps

50-250 msec
50-250 msec 40 msec 30 msec

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WiMAX vs. LTE

Commonalities
IP-based OFDMA and MIMO Similar data rates and channel widths

Differences
Carriers are able to set requirements for LTE through organizations like NGMN and LSTI, but cannot do this as easily at the IEEE-based 802.16 LTE backhaul is, at least partially, designed to support legacy services while WiMAX assumes greenfield deployments
46

Commercial Issues
LTE WiMAX

Deployments likely slower than projected

But Eventual migration path for GSM/3GSM, i.e. for > 80% share Will be lowest cost & dominant in 2020

2-3 year lead, likely maintained for years

Dedicated spectrum in many countries But Likely < 15% share by 2020 & thus more costly

47

3G Partnership Project
Defines migration GSM to UMTS/ 3GSM to LTE
Release 98 99 4 5 6 7 8

Specs complete
1998 1Q 2000 2Q 2001 1Q 2002 4Q 2004 4Q 2007 4Q 2008 *

First deployed Major new features defined

Last purely 2G GSM release 2003 2004 2006 2007 future future W-CDMA air interface Softswitching IP in core network HSDPA & IP Multimedia System (IMS) HSUPA, MBMS, GAN, PoC & WLAN integration HSPA+, Better latency & QoS for VoIP LTE, All-IP

W-CDMA Wideband CDMA modulation * Rush job? HSxPA High Speed (Download/Upload) Packet Access MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service GAN Generic Access Network PoC Push-to-talk over Cellular LTE Long Term Evolution, a new air interface based on OFDM modulation

48

Core Network Architectures

Two widely deployed architectures today 3GPP evolved from GSM-MAP
Used by GSM & 3GSM operators (88% of subs globally) Mobile Application Part defines signaling for mobility, authentication, etc.

3GPP2 evolved from ANSI-41 MAP

ANSI-41 used with AMPS, TDMA & CDMA 2000 GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) allowed interoperation, i.e., roaming

Evolving to common all IP vision based on 3GPP

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Typical 2G Mobile Architecture

PSDN
BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC MSC/VLR BSC

PLMN
MSC/VLR
BSC

BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller

GMSC

Tandem
CO

PSTN

Tandem
CO

CO

MSC Mobile Switching Center VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register

50

Separation of Signaling & Transport

Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one network plane for voice circuits and another network plane for signaling

Some elements reside only in the signaling plane

HLR, VLR, SMS Center,

HLR MSC MSC

SMS-SC VLR MSC

Signaling Plane (SS7)

Transport Plane (Voice)

51

Signaling in Core Network

Based on SS7
ISUP and specific Application Parts

GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services

mobility, call-handling, O&M, authentication, supplementary services, SMS,

Location registers for mobility management

HLR: home location register has permanent data VLR: visitor location register local copy for roamers

52

PSTN-to-Mobile Call
PLMN
(Visitor)

PLMN
(Home)

PSTN

Signaling over SS7

MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP) ISUP

(SCP) HLR Where is the subscriber?

SCP

(STP) 4 Provide Roaming 3 5 Routing Info VMSC 6 IAM GMSC (SSP) 514 581 ... 1 IAM (STP) (SSP) 2

MS

BSS VLR

(SSP)

53

GSM 2G Architecture
BSS Abis NSS E A B MS BTS BSC MSC VLR C D H GMSC PSTN

PSTN

SS7

HLR

AuC

BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller MS Mobile Station

NSS Network Sub-System MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC GSM Global System for Mobile communication

54

2.5G Architectural Detail

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis NSS E A B MS BTS BSC MSC Gs Gb 2G+ MS (voice&data) Gr HLR AuC VLR C D H GMSC PSTN

PSTN

SS7

Gc
Gi

Gn

PSDN

SGSN

IP

GGSN

BSS Base Station System

NSS Network Sub-System

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

BTS Base Transceiver Station

BSC Base Station Controller

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller

VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

55

GMSC Gateway MSC

3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS)

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis E A B BSC BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) Gb MSC Gs IuCS VLR C D H GMSC PSTN CN

PSTN

SS7
Gr HLR Gn

RNS
ATM Iub IuPS RNC Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller RNS Radio Network System RNC Radio Network Controller CN Core Network

AuC

Gc Gi

PSDN

SGSN

IP

GGSN

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register HLR Home Location Register AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

56

3G rel4 - Soft Switching

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis A Mc BSC BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS ATM Iub IuPS RNC Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS Base Station System BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller RNS Radio Network System RNC Radio Network Controller CN Core Network MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR Visitor Location Register SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node Gn SGSN GGSN Gb MSC Server Gs IuCS Gr HLR AuC VLR CS-MGW Nc Mc B C D H GMSC server PSTN CN Nb CS-MGW

PSTN

SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi

PSDN

HLR Home Location Register

AuC Authentication Server GMSC Gateway MSC

57

3GPP rel5 IP Multimedia

2G MS (voice only) BSS Abis A/IuCS Mc BSC BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS Iub IuPS RNC Node B 3G UE (voice & data) IM IM IP Multimedia sub-system MRF Media Resource Function IM-MGW Gb/IuPS MSC Server Gs IuCS ATM Gr HSS Gn SGSN GGSN VLR CN Nb CS-MGW

CS-MGW
Nc Mc B C D H GMSC server PSTN

PSTN

SS7 IP/ATM
Gc Gi

AuC

IP Network

Gs

PSTN

IP
Mg MRF Mc MGCF CSCF

CSCF Call State Control Function

MGCF Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW

58

3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution

3rd Generation Partnership Project Two
Evolution of IS-41 to all IP more direct (skips ATM stage), but not any faster Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains

59

1xRTT IP packets (like GPRS) 1xEVDO Evolution data-optimized 1xEVDV abandoned 3x Triples radio data rates Universal Mobile Broadband (UMB) abandoned

NextGen Networks (NGN) Converging

Following 3GPP lead
3GPP IMS R7 Packet Cable 2.0 ATIS NGN FG ITU-T NGN FG TISPAN R1

3GPP2 MMD 3GPP IMS R6 3GPP IMS R5 3GPP Release 4

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

3GPP2 CDMA2000 multi-media domain (MMD) based on 3GPP IMS R5 TISPAN evolves NGN architecture for fixed networks based on 3GPP IMS ITU-T NGN Focus Group venue to make TISPAN NGN a global spec ATIS NGN Focus Group formally collaborating with ETSI as of April 2005 PacketCable Release 2.0 aligning with portions of 3GPP

60

3GPP R7 / TISPAN IMS

3GPP Service Layer
OSA-SCS App Server IM-SSF SCIM S-CSCF Online CCCF HSS SLF Charging Function

Offline

Service Plane

3GPP Control Layer

P-CSCF

I-CSCF

BGCF MRFC MGCF

IBCF

Control Plane
NASS

PDF

RACS

ETSI TISPAN Extension

A-BGF

MRFP

T-MGF

SGF

I-BGF

IWF

Access/Transport Plane Other Networks

Internal IP Networks

PSTN

External IP Networks

61

IMS / NGN Vision

One core network for any access
Based on IP, using IETF standards, with extensions Wireline and wireless transparency

Access and bandwidth will be commodities; services are the differentiator

Per-session control supports per-application quality of service (QoS) and per-application billing

Voice is just application

Easily integrated with other applications
62

IMS Story: Convergence

Traditional Services
TV Caller ID Phone Tools Push to Talk TV Caller ID

IMS Services
Phone Tools Push to Talk

Application Application Application

Application

Application

Application

OSS/ BSS

OSS/ BSS

Media Functions Access Delivery

Media Functions Access Delivery

Media Functions Access Delivery

OSS/ BSS

Subscriber Data

Subscriber Data

Subscriber Data

Subscriber Data

Media Functions

IP Multimedia Subsystem

Wireline

Packet Cable

Wireless

Wifi WiMax

Wireline

Packet Cable

Wireless

Wifi WiMax

Source: Team Analysis, Lucent

63

OSS/ BSS

IMS / NGN Value Proposition

Generate new revenue from new services
Per-session control allows IMS to guarantee QoS for each IP session, and enables differential billing for applications & content

Reduce capital spending

Converge all services on common infrastructure Focus limited resources on core competencies

To date, mobile operators have had no incentive to deploy IMS for voice services
64

LTE and IMS

LTE is an all-IP network
Not compatible with legacy voice services Assumes the use of IP Multimedia System (IMS)

Initial LTE networks will be data only Initial LTE handsets will be multi-modal, supporting HSPA and earlier systems for voice telephony VOLGA Forum working on a fix
Voice over LTE via Generic Access
65

Long Term Parallels: IN & IMS

Intelligent Network
Free operators from equipment provider lock-in

Separate applications from basic call control

Open protocols and APIs for applications

Intelligent Network Application Successes

FreePhone, Mobile (HLR), Pre-paid, Voice mail,
15 year summary: A few applications, very widely deployed

66

LTEs System Architecture Evolution (SAE)

RAN (Radio access network) SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) PCRF (policy and charging function) HSS (Home Subscriber Server) MME (Mobility Management Entity) SAE (System Architecture Evolution) 67

Diagram by Huawei

Mobile Service Revenues

> $800 billion in 2007, growing 6%-7% per year
> $1 trillion by 2012

Voice services dominate: 81%

SMS services: 9.5% ; All other non-voice services: 9.5%

Source: Portio Research

68

Images courtesy of Jon Stern

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Mobile Services Futures

Affordable open mobile Internet access coming
Five competing 3.5G operators in US by 2010 Smart phone penetration soaring

Operators control of handset software slipping

iPhone and Android application stores, initiatives for Symbian, WinMobile, Adobe AIR, etc.

70

The Internet is the killer platform

Mobile Internet access driving 3G data usage

Future business models an open question

Slides from yesterdays Mobile Broadband discussion, are available

71

Enormous technology change

but

commercial issues trump technology

and

legal-regulatory trumps all

72

Outrageous ideas
5 GHz spectrum better than 700 MHz
2020: LTE* >80%; WiMAX* <15%
* i.e. LTE family of networks vs WiMAX evolution

Should ask: Wi-Fi vs LTE + WiMAX

Value of TV white spaces: Secondary access

Open 3 GHz 10 GHz to all

License exempt on secondary access basis
73

Thank you !
Brough Turner
broughturner@gmail.com http://blogs.broughturner.com