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Socratic Ignorance
"I know that I know nothing"
CALCULUS HISTORY
PITHAGORAS (600 BC)
ZENO (500 BC)
EUDOXUS (400 BC)
EUCLID (300 BC)
ARCHIMIDES (200 BC)*V
KEPLER (1500 AC)
GALILEO (1500 AC)
FERMAT (1600 AC)
CAVALIERI (1600 AC)
DESCARTES (1600 AC)
ISAAC BARROW (1600 AC)
NEWTON (1700 AC)*V
LIEBNIZ (1700 AC)
Archimedes
Was born and worked in Syracuse (Greek city in
Sicily) 287 BCE and died in 212 BCE
Friend of King Hieron II
“Eureka!” (discovery of hydrostatic law)
n Invented many mechanisms, some of which were used for the defence
of Syracuse
n Other achievements in mechanics usually attributed to Archimedes
(the law of the lever, center of mass, equilibrium, hydrostatic pressure)
n Used the method of exhaustions to show that the volume of sphere
is 2/3 that of the enveloping cylinder
n According to a legend, his last words were “Stay away from my
diagram!”, address to a soldier who was about to kill him
The Method of Exhaustion
was designed to find areas and volumes of
complicated objects (circles, pyramids,
spheres) using
◦ approximations by simple objects
(rectangles, triangles, prisms)
having known areas (or volumes)
Examples
Y S Z
Triangles
Δ1 , Δ2 , Δ3 , Δ4,…
1
Note that
R
Δ2 + Δ3 = 1/4 Δ1
4 7
Similarly
2 3
Q
Δ4 + Δ 5 + Δ6 + Δ7
6 = 1/16 Δ1
5
O P X
and so on
THE QUESTION:
WHO OWNS THE FISH?
HINTS
1. The Brit lives in a red house.
2. The Swede keeps dogs as pets.
3. The Dane drinks tea.
4. The Green house is next to, and on the left of
the White house.
5. The owner of the Green house drinks coffee.
6. The person who smokes Pall Mall rears birds.
7. The owner of the Yellow house smokes Dunhill.
8. The man living in the centre house drinks milk.
9. The Norwegian lives in the first house.
10. The man who smokes Blends lives next to the one who
keeps
cats.
11. The man who keeps horses lives next to the man who
smokes
Dunhill.
12. The man who smokes Blue Master drinks beer.
13. The German smokes Prince.
14. The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
15. The man who smokes Blends has a neighbourwho drinks
water.
Einstein's Riddle - ANSWER
A B
INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF
CHANGE
R= D / T
RATE = CHANGE IN DISTANCE/ CHANGE IN
TIME
DISTANC THE AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE
E BETWEEN TWO POINTS =
THE SLOPE OF THE SECANT LINE
CONNECTING THE TWO POINTS
THE INSTANTANEOUSRATE OF
CHANGE =
THE SLOPE OF THE TANGENT LINE
TIME
R = CHANGE IN D / CHANGE IN T
R = O / O = UNDEFINED
“BIG PROBLEM”
BLACKBOARD EXAMPLE:
From home to school.
SKETCHPAD
Rate of change
LIMITS
THE INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE
f
(x)DISTANC THE DEFINITION OF THEDERIVATIVE
E
x
TIME
2nd Factoring
◦ If it fails…
Review:
◦ ALGEBRA
◦ ECUATIONS, RELATIONS, AND FUNCTIONS
◦ TRIGONOMETRY
From 1998 AB4
Let f be a function with f(1) = 4 such that for all
points (x, y) on the graph of f . The slope is given
by
(c) (d)
(e)
1997MC AB12
At what point on the graph of
ILS AP CALCULUS AB
Example 4:
Simplify
Solution:
Then
Multiply the x’s and y’s together
ILS AP CALCULUS AB
Problem 4:
Simplify the expression
using exponential rules.
ILS AP CALCULUS AB
LOGARITHMIC RULES AND
PROPERTIES
ss worksheet 3
Complete the table
Answers
FACTORING POLYNOMIALS
(3x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
(3x + 1) = 0 , (x + 1) =0
x = - 1/3 , x = -1
Method Two: Completing the
Square
Example 7: Solve the equation 2x² + 12x – 18 = 0
by completing the square.
Solution:
Move the constant to the right side of the equation:
2x² + 12x = 18
This is important: For completing the square to work, the
coefficient of x2 must be 1. Divide every term in the equation by
2:
x² + 6x = 9
Here’s the key to completing the square: Take half of the
coefficient of the x term, square it, and add it to both sides.
In this problem, the x coefficient is 6, so take half of it (3) and
square that (3² = 9). Add the result (9) to both sides of the
equation:
x² + 6x + 9 = 9 + 9
x² + 6x + 9 = 18
At this point, if you’ve done everything correctly, the
left side of the equation will be factorable. In fact, it
will be a perfect square!
(x + 3)(x + 3) = 18
(x + 3)² = 18
To solve the equation, take the square root of both
sides. That will cancel out the exponent. Whenever
you do this, you have to add a ± sign in front of the
right side of the equation. This is always done when
square rooting both sides of any equation:
√(x + 3) ² = ± √18
x + 3 = ± √18
Solve for x, and that’s it. It would also be good form
to simplify into : x = -3 ± √18
x = -3 ± 3 √2
x = - 3 + 3 √2 x = - 3 - 3 √2
Method Three:
The Quadratic
The quadratic formula
Formula
Set the equation equal to 0, and you’re halfway
there. Your equation will then look like this:
ax² + bx + c = 0
GO TO THE
TEXTBOOK
BOOK: 1 A LIBRARY OF
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
The Rule of four:
Tables, Graphs, Formulas, and Words.
C=4T - 160
T
(°F)
◦ Domain (inputs)
◦ =All T values between 40°F and 136°F
◦ =All T values with 40≤x≥136
◦ =[40,136]
◦ Range (outputs)
◦ =All C values from 0 to 384
◦ =All C value with 0≤C≥384
◦ =[0,384]
This function, called g, accepts any real
number input. To find out the output g gives,
you plug the input into the x slot.
Evaluate
◦ f(1)=
◦ f(2)=
◦ f(3)=
◦ f(10)=
◦ f(0)=
Vertical line test
The last important thing you should know
about functions is the vertical line test.
This test is a way to tell whether or not a
given graph is the graph of a function or not.
1.1 FUNCTIONS AND
CHANGE
Linear functions
y=f(x)=b +mx
y-y₁=m(x-x₁)
1.2 EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
Número de habitantes
◦ En el II Conteo de Población y Vivienda 2005,
realizado por el INEGI, se contaron 103 263 388
habitantes en México.
Examples
◦ Population in Mexico
◦ Elimination of a drug from the body
P (Population in millions)
Exponential
Growth
t (hours)
◦ or
◦ or
y=x²+ y y=(x-2)²
y=-2f(x) 4 =x²
y
=x²
y=f(x
)
y=3f(x
)
Composite Functions “A Function of a Function”
◦ Example 1. If f(x)=x² and g(x)=x+1, find:
◦ a. f(g(2))
◦ b. g(f(2))
◦ c. f(g(x))
◦ d. g(f(x))
Exercises pg 27:
1,7,8,9,11,17,25,28,29,41
1.5 TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
An angle of 1 radian is defined to be the
angle
at the center of a unit circle which cuts off an
arc of length 1. (measured counterclockwise)
Arc length= 180° = πradians 1 radian = 180° / π
1
=1
Radian Equation of the unit circle: x² + y² =1
Fundamental Identity: cos² t + sin² t = 1
The Unit
Circle
Amplitude, Period, and Phase
For any Periodic function of time
Amplitude is half the distance between the maximum and the minimum
values. (if it exists)
Period is the smallest time needed for the function to execute one
complete cycle.
Functions of the form f(t)=A sin (Bt) + C and g(t)=A cos( Bt) +
C
Ex 1. Find and show on the graph the Amplitude and Period of the
functions.
a) y=5 sin(2t) b) y=-5 sin(t/2) c) y=1 + 2sin t
EX 2. Find possible formulas for the following sinusoidal
functions
g f h
(t) (t) (t)
3 2 3
t t t
-6π 6π -1 3 -5π π 7π
-3 -2 -3
EX 3. The High tide was 9.9 feet at midnight. Later at Low tide, it was 0.1
feet.
the next High tide is at exactly 12 noon and the height of the water is
given by a sine or cosine curve.
Find a formula for the water level as a function of time.
V= g(r)=4/3 πr³
F=k/r² or F=krˉ²
Polynomials
are the sums of power functions with nonnegative integer
exponents
n= n= n=
n=
2 3 5
4
EX1: Find possible formulas for the
polynomials.
f g h
4 (x) (x) (x)
x x x
-2 2 -3 1 2 -3 2
-12
Rational functions
are ratios of polynomials, p and q:
Ex y y=0 is a Horizontal Asymptote
er or
ci y→0 as x→∞ and y→0 as x→-∞
se
s x
p x=K is a Vertical Asymptote
g if
4 y→∞ or y→-∞ as x →K
2:
5, y
7,
8, The graphs in Rational
9, functions
1 may have vertical asymptotes
0, where the denominator is zero. K
x
Rational functions
have horizontal asymptotes
if f(x) approaches a finite
number
as x→∞ or x→-∞.
1.7 INTRODUCTION TO CONTINUITY
A continuous function has a graph which can be
drawn
without lifting the pencil from the paper.
A function is said to be continuous on an interval
if its graph has no breaks, jumps or holes in that
interval
To be certain that a function has a zero in an interval
on which it changes sign, we need to know that the
function
is defined and continuous in that interval.
f(x)=3x²-x²+2x-1 f(x)=1/x
5
-1
x x
-1 1 1
-5
-1
Continuity
The function f is continuous at x=c if f is defined at x=c and
if
Exercises pg 47: 15, 17,
15. An electrical circuit switches instantaneously from a 6 volt battery
to a 12 volt battery 7 seconds after being turned on. Graph the
battery
voltage against time. Give formulas for the function represented by
your graph. What can you say about the continuity of this function?
f
(t)
Ex
er
ci general limit right-hand limit left-hand limit
se
s When Limits Do Not Exist
p Whenever there is no number L such that
g
5
5:
≠
∞
-∞
UNDERSTANDING LIMITS
Given the graph of below, evaluate the following
limits.
2nd Factoring
◦ If it fails…
(g)
Chapter1 REVIEW EXERCISES AND
PROBLEMS
1st Period Exam Review
Concepts are key to AP Exams
Functions
◦ Linear functions
◦ Exponential functions
◦ New from old functions
◦ Logarithmic functions
◦ Trigonometric functions
◦ Powers, Polynomials, and Rational functions
◦ Continuity
◦ Limits