Iris Recognition

Ying Sun AICIP Group Meeting November 3, 2006

Outline

Introduction of Biometrics Methods for Iris Recognition Conclusion and Outlook

Biometrics Overview
Measures human body features Physiological characteristics
Fingerprints Face DNA Hand Geometry/Ear Shape Iris/Retina

Universal, unique, permanent & quantitatively measurable

Behavioral characteristics
Signature/gait keystrokes / typing Voiceprint

Example applications

Banking, airport access, info security, etc.

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Advantages of Iris Recognition

Uniqueness
Highly rich texture Twins have different iris texture Right eye differs from left eye

Stability
Do not change with ages Do not suffer from scratches, abrasions, distortions

Noninvasiveness
Contactless technique

High recognition performance

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Comparison of biometric techniques

Verification and Identification

Verification:

One to one matching Is this person really who they claim to be?

Identification:
One to many matching Who is this person?

Identification is more difficult!

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Identification

10,000 samples, to identify which one is correct.

Suppose being right on an individual test: 0.9999 To make a correct identification, have to be right on every one of the 10,000 tests. 0.9999
10,000

= 0.37

Misidentifying:
1.0 0.37 = 0.63 63% chance of being wrong!
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Misidentification increases with the size of database

Database of 1,000 Chance of error: 1,000 1.0 - 0.9999 = 0.09 Database of 10,000 Chance of error: 10,000 1.0 - 0.9999 = 0.63 Database of 100,000 Chance of error: 100,000 1.0 - 0.9999 = 0.99995
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Need Higher Identification Confidence! Iris Recognition Would Satisfy this Criteria.

Iris Structure

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Procedure Employed in Iris Recognition

Iris localization (Segmentation) Feature extraction Pattern matching Focusing on Daugman Method
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Iris Localization
Localize the boundary of an iris from the image In particular, localize both the pupillary boundary and the outer (limbus) boundary of the iris. (limbus--the border between the sclera and the iris), both the upper and lower eyelid boundaries Desired characteristics of iris localization: Sensitive to a wide range of edge contrast Robust to irregular borders Capable of dealing with variable occlusions
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Iris Localization
Image Segmentation

I(x,y): Raw image

: Radial Gaussian
*: Convolution The operator searches over the image domain for the maximum in the partial derivative according to increasing radius r, of the normalized contour integral of I(x,y) along a circular arc ds and center coordinates.

(active contour fitting method)

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Feature Extraction

Image Contains Both Amplitude and Phase

Phase is unaffected by brightness or contrast changes

Phase Demodulation via 2D Gabor wavelets

Angle of each phasor quantized to one/four quadrants

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Gabor Wavelets
Gabor Wavelets filter out structures at different scales and orientations For each scale and orientation there is a pair of odd and even wavelets A scalar product is carried out between the wavelet and the image (just as in the Discrete Fourier Transform) The result is a complex number

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Phase Demodulation

The complex number is converted to 2 bits The modulus is thrown away because it is sensitive to illumination intensity The phase is converted to 2 bits depending on which quadrant it is in

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The iris code is a pattern of 1s and 0s (bits). These bits are compared against a stored bit pattern. Represent iris texture as a binary vector of 2048 bits
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Pattern Matching

Hamming distance (HD)

Calculate the percentage of mismatched bits between a pair of iris codes. (0-100%)

No. of bits different HD Total no. of bits

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Binomial Distribution
If two codes come from different irises the different bits will be random The number of different bits will obey a binomial distribution with mean 0.5

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Distributions of true matches versus non matches

Hamming distances of false matches

Hamming distances of true matches

If an iris code differs from a stored pattern by 30% or less it is accepted as an identification 20

Probability of the encoding difference between several measurements of the same person

Probability of the encoding difference between different people.

False acceptance

False rejection

Encoding difference
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Threshold used to decide acceptance/rejection

Afghan Girl Identified by Iris Patterns

1984

2002

Left eye: HD=0.24; Right eye: HD=0.31

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Summary for Identification

Two codes come from different iris, HD~0.45 HD smaller for the same iris

If the Hamming distance is < 0.33 the chances of the two codes coming from different irises is 1 in 2.9 million
So far it has been tried out on 2.3 million test without a single error
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Future Work

Anti-spoofing
Liveness detection

Long distance identification

Iris on the move

Surveillance

WSN+Iris Recognition

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Gabor Wavelet
a complex sinusoidal carrier and a Gaussian envelope

The complex carrier takes the form

The real and imaginary part:

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