Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Presented By: Muhammad Asghar and Shaf Ahmad MSc Psychology 1st Semester International Islamic University Islamabad
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Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Born in Moravia, Czech Republic on May 6th 1856 Died in London, 23rd Sep 1939 Jewish background, though did not practice any RELIGION Lived in Vienna until Nazi occupation in 1938 Had medical backgroundwanted to do neurophysiological research Private practice in nervous and brain disorders
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Freud (cont.)
Early 1900s published many works- Interpretation of Dreams (1900) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) 1905 concept of sexual drive being most powerful personality component
1906 Psychoanalytic Society formed Many works burned in Nazi occupation (starting 1933) Left Austria, fled to England 1938 Died of jaw cancer 1939
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhfreu.html
3 Levels of Awareness
Conscious Preconscious Unconscious
Conscious
The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.
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Preconscious
Contents of the mind you are not currently aware of Thoughts, memories, knowledge, wishes, feelings Available for easy access when needed
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Unconscious
The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the time the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.
The Id
The id represents primitive desires It is the human want Represents chaos
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The Id (contd)
The Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes all of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the 11 result is a state of anxiety or tension.
Ego
This is the self, or who you view yourself as. It is your personality and the way you portray yourself to the world. Attempts negotiation between Id and Superego to satisfy both realistically
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Ego (contd)
The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality (Reality Principal). According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in all of the conscious, preconscious, 13 and unconscious mind.
Superego
Operates on ideal principle The superego represents the conscience It is the should of human beings Begins forming at 4-5 yrs of age Internalized conventions and morals The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
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Superego (contd)
The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles.
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Defense Mechanisms
Function: Used by ego to defend against anxiety
Involves distortion of reality
Operate unconsciously
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Denial
Refusal to accept external realities because too threatening to enter awareness
Projection
Attribute unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others (project these inappropriate thoughts etc onto others)
Repression
Internal impulses and memories too threatening so bared from entering awareness
Displacement
Shifting attention from one target that is no longer available to a more acceptable or safer substitute
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Sublimation
Healthiest defense mechanism Compromise Takes socially unacceptable impulses and turns them into something positive & acceptable
Reaction Formation
Converting unacceptable and dangerous impulses into something positive to reduce anxiety
Rationalization
Explaining an unacceptable behavior in a way that overlooks present shortcomings or failures
Regression
Reverting to behavior that is characteristic to an earlier stage of development when confronted with stress or anxiety
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Identification
Affiliation oneself psychologically with a person, group or institution. Wearing T-Shirts or jackets with sports teams.
Intellectualization
Also called isolation of affect T ponder topics such as death and separation without the negative emotions
Undoing
Isolation
Refusing to deal with or encounter unpleasant objects or situations.
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Compensation
Covering up weakness. Bald people wearing hats.
Emotional Insulation
Coping with stress by engaging in actions rather than reflecting on internal feelings.
Fantasy
Gratifying frustrated desires. Such as day dreaming.
Aim Inhibition
Accepting a modified form of the original goal Such as becoming a basketball coach rather than a professional athlete.
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Psychosexual Development
Stages of development in which conflict over Ids impulses plays out
Ego must control these impulses
Oral Anal
STAGE
(0-18 months) (18-36 months)
FOCUS
Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, chewing, biting Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Oedipus and Electra Complex Zone. Dormant sexual feeling Maturation of sexual interest
Phallic
(3-6 years)
Latency
Genital
(6 to puberty)
(puberty on)
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Resolution?
Kid identifies with same sex parent
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Manifest content (what it Appeared to be) Latent content (repressed Thoughts Seeking Expression)
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Criticisms of Freud
Deterministic, negative view of human nature Flaws in case study approach Neglect of social factors in personality Emphasis on past to neglect of present and future behavior View of women Ambiguous concepts 28
Contributions of Freud
Contributed to empirical study of psychology Role of unconscious in behavior Role of childhood experiences Defense mechanisms
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References
1. An Introduction to Theories of Personalities by Mathew H. Olson and B.R. Hergenhahn 2. Theories of Personality by Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell 3.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entrie s/bhfreu.html
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