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Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Presented By: Muhammad Asghar and Shaf Ahmad MSc Psychology 1st Semester International Islamic University Islamabad
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Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality


Sigmund Freud Levels of Awareness Structure of Personality Defense mechanisms Psychosexual stages Assessment Criticisms Contributions

Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
Born in Moravia, Czech Republic on May 6th 1856 Died in London, 23rd Sep 1939 Jewish background, though did not practice any RELIGION Lived in Vienna until Nazi occupation in 1938 Had medical backgroundwanted to do neurophysiological research Private practice in nervous and brain disorders
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Freud (cont.)

Early 1900s published many works- Interpretation of Dreams (1900) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) 1905 concept of sexual drive being most powerful personality component

1906 Psychoanalytic Society formed Many works burned in Nazi occupation (starting 1933) Left Austria, fled to England 1938 Died of jaw cancer 1939
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhfreu.html

3 Levels of Awareness
Conscious Preconscious Unconscious

Conscious
The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.
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Preconscious
Contents of the mind you are not currently aware of Thoughts, memories, knowledge, wishes, feelings Available for easy access when needed
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Unconscious
The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the time the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.

Freudian Structure of Personality


The Id The Ego The Superego

The Id
The id represents primitive desires It is the human want Represents chaos

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The Id (contd)
The Id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes all of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate satisfaction of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the 11 result is a state of anxiety or tension.

Ego
This is the self, or who you view yourself as. It is your personality and the way you portray yourself to the world. Attempts negotiation between Id and Superego to satisfy both realistically

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Ego (contd)
The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality (Reality Principal). According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. The ego functions in all of the conscious, preconscious, 13 and unconscious mind.

Superego
Operates on ideal principle The superego represents the conscience It is the should of human beings Begins forming at 4-5 yrs of age Internalized conventions and morals The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.

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Superego (contd)
The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles.

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Conflicts of Personality Components


Conflicts between the Id, Superego and Ego arise in unconscious mind Cant be reached because in unconscious Come out in various ways
Slips of tongue (Freudian slip) Dreams Jokes (Humor) Anxiety

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Balance Between Id, Ego and Superego

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Defense Mechanisms
Function: Used by ego to defend against anxiety
Involves distortion of reality

Operate unconsciously
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Denial
Refusal to accept external realities because too threatening to enter awareness

Projection
Attribute unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others (project these inappropriate thoughts etc onto others)

Repression
Internal impulses and memories too threatening so bared from entering awareness

Displacement
Shifting attention from one target that is no longer available to a more acceptable or safer substitute
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Sublimation
Healthiest defense mechanism Compromise Takes socially unacceptable impulses and turns them into something positive & acceptable

Reaction Formation
Converting unacceptable and dangerous impulses into something positive to reduce anxiety

Rationalization
Explaining an unacceptable behavior in a way that overlooks present shortcomings or failures

Regression
Reverting to behavior that is characteristic to an earlier stage of development when confronted with stress or anxiety
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Identification
Affiliation oneself psychologically with a person, group or institution. Wearing T-Shirts or jackets with sports teams.

Intellectualization
Also called isolation of affect T ponder topics such as death and separation without the negative emotions

Undoing

Trying to undo an unacceptable act. To nullify a negative activity

Isolation
Refusing to deal with or encounter unpleasant objects or situations.
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Defense Mechanisms(contd)
Compensation
Covering up weakness. Bald people wearing hats.

Emotional Insulation
Coping with stress by engaging in actions rather than reflecting on internal feelings.

Fantasy
Gratifying frustrated desires. Such as day dreaming.

Aim Inhibition
Accepting a modified form of the original goal Such as becoming a basketball coach rather than a professional athlete.
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Psychosexual Development
Stages of development in which conflict over Ids impulses plays out
Ego must control these impulses

If not resolved, psychological issues can emerge later in life


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Freuds Psychosexual Stages

Oral Anal

STAGE
(0-18 months) (18-36 months)

FOCUS

Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, chewing, biting Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings. Oedipus and Electra Complex Zone. Dormant sexual feeling Maturation of sexual interest

Phallic

(3-6 years)

Latency
Genital

(6 to puberty)
(puberty on)

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Complexes in the Phallic Stage


Oedipus Complex (boys)
Unconscious sexual desires towards mother, father is competition Simultaneously fears the dad- castration anxiety

Electra Complex (girls)


Unconscious sexual desires towards father, mother is competition Penis envy

Resolution?
Kid identifies with same sex parent
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Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis


Free association
Patient says whatever comes to mind Catharsis: Expression of emotions that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms Slips of tongue (Freudian slip) Jokes

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Therapeutic Techniques of Psychoanalysis


Dream analysis
The royal road to the unconscious and Guardian of Sleep

Manifest content (what it Appeared to be) Latent content (repressed Thoughts Seeking Expression)

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Criticisms of Freud
Deterministic, negative view of human nature Flaws in case study approach Neglect of social factors in personality Emphasis on past to neglect of present and future behavior View of women Ambiguous concepts 28

Contributions of Freud
Contributed to empirical study of psychology Role of unconscious in behavior Role of childhood experiences Defense mechanisms

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References
1. An Introduction to Theories of Personalities by Mathew H. Olson and B.R. Hergenhahn 2. Theories of Personality by Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell 3.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entrie s/bhfreu.html

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A Big Thank You!


This Presentation is available online at: http://www.authorstream.com/asgharkn

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