Kuliah Konsolidasi 1

Consolidation
Skeletal Material
(incompressible)
Pore water
(incompressible)
Voids
Solid
Initial State
The consolidation process
Skeletal Material
(incompressible)
Pore water
(incompressible)
Voids
Solid
Voids
Solid
Initial State
Deformed State
Water
+
Deformation of saturated soil occurs by reduction of pore
space & the squeezing out of pore water. The water can
only escape through the pores which for fine-grained soils
are very small

Deformation of saturated soil occurs by reduction of pore
space & the squeezing out of pore water. The water can
only escape through the pores which for fine-grained soils
are very small

Effective soil
skeleton spring
water
water squeezed out
water
Ao
Instantaneously no water can flow, and hence there can be
no change in volume.

water
Ao
For 1-D conditions this means
Ac
zz
= Ac
v
= = 0 (1)

+
=
' '
+
A e
e
C
e
F I
1 1
log ( / ) o o
water
Ao
For 1-D conditions this means
Ac
zz
= Ac
v
= = 0 (1)

and hence Ao = 0 instantaneously
+
=
' '
+
A e
e
C
e
F I
1 1
log ( / ) o o
water
Ao
From the principle of effective stress we have
Ao = Ao + Au (2)
and thus instantaneously we must have
Ao = Au
Region of high
excess water
pressure

Region of low
excess water
pressure

Flow
The consolidation process is the process of the
dissipation of the excess pore pressures that occur on
load application because water cannot freely drain from
the void space.
Total
Stress
Time
Total
Stress
Time
Time
Excess
Pore
Pressure
Effective
Stress
Time
Effective
Stress
Time
Settlement
Time
v
v
z
z
z
z
+
c
c
A
Plan
Area A
Elevation
v
z
Az
Derivation of consolidation governing equation
1. Water flow (due to consolidation)
v
v
z
z
z
z
+
c
c
A
Plan
Area A
Elevation
v
z
Az
Rate at which water
leaves the element

c
c
v
z
zA A
1. Water flow (due to consolidation)
cc
c
v
t
zA A
Rate of volume decrease

2. Deformation of soil element (due to change in
effective stress)
Plan
Area A
Elevation
Az
Rate at which water
leaves the element

of soil element

=
c
c
v
z
zA A
cc
c
v
t
AzA
Assume: Soil particles and water incompressible
Rate at which water
leaves the element

of soil element

=
c
c
v
z
zA A
cc
c
v
t
AzA
c
c
cc
c
v
z
=
v
t
(3)
Storage Equation
Assume: Soil particles and water incompressible
v k
h
z
v
=
c
c
Assume Darcys law
(4)
3. Flow of water (due to consolidation)
v k
h
z
v
=
c
c
Assume Darcys law
(4)
3. Flow of water (due to consolidation)
Note that because only flows due to consolidation are of
interest the head is the excess head, and this is related
to the excess pore pressure by

h
u
w
=
(5)
Elastic response
c o
v v e
m = '
(7)
Assume soil behaves elastically
4. Stress, strain relation for soil
Elastic response
c o
v v e
m = '
(7)
Assume soil behaves elastically
4. Stress, strain relation for soil
Note that m
v
has to be chosen with care. It is not a
universal soil constant. For 1-D conditions it can be
shown that
m
C
e
v
=
+ ' 2 3 1 . ( ) o
(9)
5. Principle of effective stress
o o
e e
u
'
=
Note that these are changes in stress due to consolidation
(8)
c
c
cc
c
v
z
=
v
t
(3)
Storage Equation
v k
h
z
v
=
c
c
Darcys law (4)
Elastic response
c o
v v e
m = '
(7)
+
+
5. Principle of effective stress
o o
e e
u
'
=
Note that these are changes in stress due to consolidation
(8)
Equation of 1-D Consolidation
c
c
c
c
c
c
co
c z
k u
z
m
u
t t
v
w
v
e
[ ] [ ] = (10)
Very Permeable
Very Impermeable
At a very permeable boundary

u = 0

At a very impermeable boundary

Saturated Clay
c
c
u
z
= 0
Solution of consolidation equation
1. Boundary conditions
At the instant
of loading

u
e
= o
2. Initial conditions (1-D)
Total
Stress
Change
Time
Time
Excess
Pore
Pressure
c
u
z
u
t t
v
e
c
c
c
c
co
c
2
2
=
(10)
c
k
m
v
v
v w
=

3. Homogeneous soil
c
c
c
c
c
c
co
c z
k u
z
m
u
t t
v
w
v
e
[ ] [ ] =
(13)

c
v
is called the coefficient of consolidation

c
k
m
v
v
v w
=

c
v

c
v
has units L
2
/T and can be estimated from an oedometer test.
The procedure will be explained in the laboratory sessions.

c
k
m
v
v
v w
=

c
v

c
v
has units L
2

The coefficient of volume decrease m
v
can be measured
from the oedometer test.

c
k
m
v
v
v w
=

c
v

c
v
has units L
2

The coefficient of volume decrease m
v
can be measured
from the oedometer test.

The value of k
v
is difficult to measure directly for clays but
can be inferred from the expression for c
v.

c
k
m
v
v
v w
=
Uniformly distributed surcharge q

2H
Z
Homogeneous Saturated Clay Layer free
to drain at Upper and Lower Boundaries
Solution of consolidation equation for 2 way drainage
Governing Equation
c
u
z
u
t
v
c
c
c
c
2
2
=
(14a)
Governing Equation
Boundary Conditions
c
u
z
u
t
v
c
c
c
c
2
2
=
u = 0 when z = 2H for t > 0
u = 0 when z = 0 for t > 0
(14a)
(14 b,c)
Governing Equation
Boundary Conditions
Initial Condition
c
u
z
u
t
v
c
c
c
c
2
2
=
u = 0 when z = 2H for t > 0
u = 0 when z = 0 for t > 0
u = q when t = 0 for 0 < z < 2H
(14a)
(14 b,c)
(14d)
u q Z
where
and
Z
z
H
T
c t
H
n
n
n
T
v
n
v
v
=
= +
=
=
2
1
1
2
0
2
2
o
o
o t
o
sin( )e
(n )
Solution
(15)
T=0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1
0
1
2
0.0 0.5 1.0
Z=z/H
u/q
Variation of Excess pore pressure with depth
Calculation of settlement
S
v
dz
H
=
}
c
0
2
S
v
dz
H
m
v e
u dz
H
=
}
=
}
c
o
0
2
0
2
( )
S
v
dz
H
m
v e
u dz
H
from which it can be shown
S
S
U T
v
n
T
v
n
e
=
}
=
}

=
=

c
o
o
o
0
2
0
2
1 2
2
2
0
( )
( )
(16c)
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
Dimensionless Time T
v
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
U
Relation of degree of
settlement and time
Approximate Expressions for Degree of Settlement
U
T
T
U e T
v
v
T
v
v
= s
= >
4
0 2
1
8
0 2
2
2
4
t
t
t
( . )
( . )
/
Uniformly distributed surcharge q
H
Z Homogeneous saturated clay layer
resting on an impermeable base
Impermeable
Impermeable
Governing Equation
c
u
z
u
t
v
c
c
c
c
2
2
=
(18a)
Governing Equation
Boundary Conditions
c
u
z
u
t
v
c
c
c
c
2
2
=
u=0 when z = H for t > 0
u = 0 when z = 0 for t > 0
(18a)
(18b,c)
c
c
u
z
= 0
Governing Equation
Boundary Conditions
Initial Condition
c
u
z
u
t
v
c
c
c
c
2
2
=
u=0 when z = H for t > 0
u = 0 when z = 0 for t > 0
u = q when t = 0 for 0 < z < H
(18a)
(18b,c)
(18d)
c
c
u
z
= 0
T=0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1
0
1
2
0.0 0.5 1.0
Z=z/H
u/q
T=0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1
0
1
2
0.0 0.5 1.0
Z=z/H
u/q
Solution is identical to that for 2 way drainage. Note that
the maximum drainage path length is identical.
Gravel
4m Clay
Clay
Sand
5m
Impermeable
Clay
Final settlement=100mm
c
v
=0.4m
2
/year
Soil Profile
Final settlement=40mm
c
v
=0.5m
2
/year
Example 1: Calculation of settlement at a given time
For the upper layer
Now using Figure 5 with T
v
= 0.1

T
v
c
v
t
H
= =

=
2
0 1
2
2
0 1
.4
.
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
v
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
U
settlement and time
For the upper layer
v
= 0.1

U = 0.36
so

S = 100 0.36 = 36mm

T
v
c
v
t
H
= =

=
2
0 1
2
2
0 1
.4
.
For the lower layer
v
= 0.02

T
v
c
v
t
H
= =

=
2
0 5 1
5
2
0 02
.
.
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
1
10
v
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
U
settlement and time
0.02 0.05
For the lower layer
v
= 0.02

U = 0.16
so

S = 40 0.6 = 6.4 mm

T
v
c
v
t
H
= =

=
2
0 5 1
5
2
0 02
.
.
Example 2: Scaling
Oedometer U=0.5 after 2 minutes. 2 way drainage, H = 5 mm

Calculate time for U= 0.5 for 10 m thick layer of the same clay,
1 way drainage

Example 2: Scaling

1 way drainage

Oedometer

T
c t
H
c
c
v
v v
v
= =
=
2 2
2
0 005
80000
.
Example 2: Scaling

1 way drainage

Oedometer

Soil layer

T
c t
H
c
c
v
v v
v
= =
=
2 2
2
0 005
80000
.
T
c t
H
c t c t
v
v v v
= =
2 2
10 100
Example 2: Scaling

1 way drainage

Oedometer

Soil layer

T
v
(oedometer) = T
v
(soil layer)
hence t = 80000000 mins = 15.2 years
T
c t
H
c
c
v
v v
v
= =
=
2 2
2
0 005
80000
.
T
c t
H
c t c t
v
v v v
= =
2 2
10 100

Kuliah Konsolidasi 1

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Kuliah Konsolidasi 1

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Consolidation

Solution of consolidation equation

Uniformly distributed surcharge q

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