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/amilNaduIndia E0mail1anumakonda*2agadeesh3gmail*com
Windturbinecooperatives0Origin4rom (enmark To encourage investment in wind power, families were offered a tax exemption for generating their own electricity within their own or an adjoining commune. While this could involve purchasing a turbine outright, more often families purchased shares in wind turbine cooperatives which in turn invested in community wind turbines. By 199 there were around !,1"" such cooperatives in the country. #pinion polls show that this direct involvement has helped the popularity of wind turbines, with some $ % of &anes supporting wind energy when compared with existing fuel sources.
The role of wind turbine cooperatives is not limited to single turbines. The 'iddelgrunden offshore wind farm ( with !" turbines the world)s largest offshore farm at the time it was built in !""" ( is *"% owned by the 1",""" investors in the 'iddelgrunden Wind Turbine +ooperative, and *"% by the municipal utility company. By !""1 over 1"",""" families belonged to wind turbine cooperatives, which had installed $ % of all the wind turbines in &enmar,. By !""- over 1*",""" were either members or owned turbines, and about *,*"" turbines had been installed, although with greater private sector involvement the proportion owned by cooperatives had fallen to .*%.The cooperative model has also spread to /ermany and the 0etherlands.
1inancially, community2based wind projects are structured much differently than traditional wind farms. 3n the traditional model, the company that builds and manages a wind farm retains sole ownership of the development. The owners of the land on which the wind turbines were built usually have no sta,e in development, and are instead compensated through lease payments or by royalty2based contracts. The more people that become involved through community wind power, the more democratic the energy supply system becomes. 4nergy sellers ma,e a profit, landowners receive leasing fees, communities get improved infrastructure, local people get jobs, governments receive taxes, and consumers receive electricity at competitive prices.
Community wind farms %ustralia The 5epburn Wind 6roject is a wind farm at 7eonards 5ill near &aylesford, 8ictoria, north2west of 'elbourne, 8ictoria. 3t comprises two !'W wind turbines which produce enough power for !,9"" households. This is the first :ustralian community2owned wind farm. The initiative has emerged because the community felt that the state and federal governments were not doing enough to address climate change.
&anada +ommunity wind power is in its infancy in +anada but there are reasons for optimism. #ne such reason is the launch of a new 1eed2in Tariff ;13T< program in the 6rovince of #ntario . : number of community wind projects are in development in #ntario but the first project that is li,ely to obtain a 13T contract and connect to the grid is the 6u,wis +ommunity Wind 6ar,. 6u,wis will be uni=ue in that it is a joint :boriginal>+ommunity wind project that will be majority2owned by the +hippewas of /eorgina 3sland 1irst 0ation, with a local renewable energy co2operative ;the 6u,wis 4nergy +o2operative< owning the remainder of the project.
5ermany 3n /ermany, hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citi?ens) wind farms across the country and thousands of small and medium si?ed enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in !""$ employed 9",""" people and generated $ percent of /ermany)s electricity. Wind power has gained very high social acceptance in /ermany, with the development of community wind farms playing a major role.
/heNetherlands
@ixty2three farmers in &e Auidlob, the southern part of the municipality of Aeewolde, have entered into a cooperative agreement that aims to develop a wind farm of at least 1"$ 'W. The project will include the installation of three phases of 1! wind turbines with capacities of 9 to -.* 'W each. The aim is to put the wind farm into service in !"1!. The 0etherlands has an active community of wind cooperatives. They build and operate wind par,s in all regions of the 0etherlands. This started in the 19$"s with the first 7agerweij turbines. Bac, then, these turbines could be financed by the members of the cooperatives. Today, the cooperatives build larger wind par,s, but not as large as commercial parties do. @ome still operate self2sufficiently, others partner with larger commercial wind par, developers.
6nited-ingdom :s of !"1!, there are -9 communities who are in the process of or already producing renewable energy through co2operative structures in the BC. They are set up and run by everyday people, mostly local residents, who are investing their time and money and together installing large wind turbines, solar panels, or hydro2electric power for their local communities.
United States 'ost of the wind farms in the Bnited @tates are commercially owned. :s of !"11, 3owa has just one community owned wind farm, that is 5ardin 5illtop near Defferson, 3owa. 0ational Wind is a large2scale community wind project developer, with thirteen families of projects in development or operation. These projects have an aggregate capacity of over -,""" 'W. The vision of the company is to revitali?e rural economies by promoting investment in domestic renewable energy resources. 0ational Wind creates shared ownership with communities and allows them participation in decisions which are made.
: EF404W:B74 404F/G 1B0&H can be created by /overnment with contributions from 3ndividuals paying 3ncome Tax to get tax 4xemption under @ection $" +. This fund will invest in +ommunity Wind 1arms;Wind 1arm +o2operatives<. This way Wind and other Fenewables will become a mass movement.
W#0&4F@ #1 +#''B03TG 6:FT3+36:T3#0 30 W30&'377 /he/vindMill is one of the biggest windmills in the world ;*- m<. 3t is an impressive building, constructed by the pupils of the school with the advice of experts. The construction of the mill started in 19.*, and today the mill supplies the many school2 buildings with electricity.
Tvind,raft was created to show the way forward for wind energy 2 and to show the way out for nuclear power. But the most important thing was probably that the Teacher /roup showed that it was possible for normal people, without any significant scientific education, to build a large wind power plant. With their determination, their drive, their elbow grease and common sense, cooperation and support, where help was to be found, this unparalleled structure was created 2 despite comments li,eK LGou are doing wind power a disservice by trying to build a windmillL, and despite the fact that no authority wanted to give any financial assistance to the windmill construction, although it clearly followed the recommendations of the E:,ademiet for Te,nis, 8idens,aberH M:cademy for Technical @ciencesN to promote the development of wind energy in &enmar,, with both practical experiments as well as research projects.
The Tvind windmill, "Tvindkraft" was created during the years 1975-78 3t is a tourist attraction. There is a lift which ta,es people to the top. 3 visited the Tvindmill 9 times when 3 was in &enmar,.
Tvindmill
/vindmillisa(o7n7ind/urbine 6p7ind8s(o7n7ind/urbinesK :n Bpwind turbine faces into the wind with the turbine blades in front of the 0acelle while a &ownwind turbine has blades to the rear of the 0acelle and faces away from the wind. Bp2wind turbines are by far and away the most common, but down2wind turbines ;usually two2bladed< are also used in certain situations.
6ower 6 O ".* p : 89 .. .. ;1< Where 6 O 6ower,p density of air,8Ospeed of the wind and : is the area of the intercepted airstream;e=ual to the EsweptH by the rotor<. 3n standard conditions;sea level, temperature 1* degrees +elsius< the density of the air is 1.!!* ,g>m 9. @o the amount of 6ower intercepted by each s=uare rotor isK 6O". 1! 89 Watts P;!< 1or 4xample,if the wind speed is m>s;a moderate bree?e< the power intercepted per s=uare meter is ". 1! Q 9 O 19! WR but if the speed rises to !- m>s;a severe gale< the power becomes ". 1! Q !-9 O $- " W. This massive increase is due to cubic relationship between wind speed and power by e=uation ;!<. 5ere the wordHinterceptedH rather than EcapturedH is used because the above figures relate to the power in the wind, not the amount actually extracted by a turbine rotor. 7arge modern turbines typically capture up of about *"% of the wind power presented to them.
9et:;sla7 is a theory about the maximum possible energy to be derived from a wind turbine developed in 1919 by the /erman physicist :lbert Bet?. :ccording to Bet?)s law, no turbine can capture more than *9.9 percent of the ,inetic energy in wind. The ideal or maximum theoretical efficiency n max ;also called power coefficient< of a wind turbine is the ratio of maximum power obtained from the wind to the total power available in the wind. The factor ".*99 is ,nown as Bet?)s coefficient. 3t is the maximum fraction of the power in a wind stream that can be extracted.
Economics and benefits #ffshore wind power can help to reduce energy imports, reduce air pollution and greenhouse gases ;by displacing fossil2fuel power generation<, meet renewable electricity standards, and create jobs and local business opportunities. 5owever, according to the B@ 4nergy 3nformation :gency, offshore wind power is the most expensive energy generating technology being considered for large scale deploymentL. The advantage is that the wind is much stronger off the coasts, and unli,e wind over the continent, offshore bree?es can be strong in the afternoon, matching the time when people are using the most electricity. #ffshore turbines can also be Llocated close to the power2hungry populations along the coasts, eliminating the need for new overland transmission linesL.
'ost entities and individuals active in offshore wind power believe that prices of electricity will grow significantly from !""9, as global efforts to reduce carbon emissions come into effect. BT' expects cost per ,Wh to fall from !"1-, and that the resource will always be more than ade=uate in the three areas 4urope, Bnited @tates and +hina.
The current state of offshore wind power presents economic challenges significantly greater than onshore systems 2 prices can be in the range of !.*29." million 4uro>'W. The turbine represents just one third to one half of costs in offshore projects today, the rest comes from infrastructure, maintenance, and oversight. 7arger turbines with increased energy capture ma,e more economic sense due to the extra infrastructure in offshore systems. :dditionally, there are currently no rigorous simulation models of external effects on offshore wind farms, such as boundary layer stability effects and wa,e effects. This causes difficulties in predicting performance accurately, a critical shortcoming in financing billion2dollar offshore facilities. : report from a coalition of researchers from universities, industry, and government, lays out several things needed in order to bring the costs down and ma,e offshore wind more economically viableK
3mproving wind performance models, including how design conditions and the wind resource are influenced by the presence of other wind farms. Feducing the weight of turbine materials 4liminating problematic gearboxes Turbine load2mitigation controls and strategies Turbine and rotor designs to minimi?e hurricane and typhoon damage 4conomic modeling and optimi?ation of costs of the overall wind farm system, including installation, operations, and maintenance @ervice methodologies, remote monitoring, and diagnostics.
3n !"11, a &anish energy company claimed that offshore wind turbines are not yet competitive with fossil fuels, but estimates that they will be in 1* years. Bntil then, state funding and pension funds will be needed. 3n Belfast, the harbour industry is being redeveloped as a hub for offshore windfarm construction, at a cost of about S*"m. The wor, will create 1*" jobs in construction, as well as re=uiring about 1m tonnes of stone from local =uarries, which will create hundreds more jobs. L3t is the first dedicated harbour upgrade for offshore windL.
367.2
United Kingdom
'hanet
300
United Kingdom
5126 # 013! )
100 % *estas*$0(3+W
2010
,o-ns .e/ 00
20$
1enma-2
$1 % &iemens 2.3($3
200$
.Idsand 00
207
1enma-2
$0 % &iemens 2.3($3
2010
1$4
United Kingdom
54 % &iemens 3.6(107
200!
.o5in .igg(&ol4ay 6i-th) 78n9leet &ands #ysted (.Idsand 0) :ligh :an2 (:el4ind) ,o-ns .e/ 0 ;-monde
5445 # 343 W 5143 16"# 117 31") 5433 0"# 1142 36") 513$ 36"# 24! 0") 5531 47"# 754 22") 546 # 324 W
60 % *estas*$0(3+W 4! % &iemens 3.6(107 72 % &iemens 2.3 55 % *estas*$0(3+W !0 % *estas *!0(2+W 30 % .)po4e- 5+ 21 % &iemens 2.3($3= 2 % 3+W 2 % 2.5+W 6 % 2+W 6 % 1.5+W &ino/el
131.3
<hina
2012
>-in?ess @malia 3illg-8nd )gmond aan Aee 1onghai :-idge Kentish 6lats :a--o4
:8-5o :an2
$0
United Kingdom
532$ # 0310 W
25 % &iemens 3.6(107
2007
.hyl 6lats
$0
United Kingdom
5322 # 033$ W
25 % &iemens 3.6(107
200$
#o-th ,oyle
60
United Kingdom
5326 # 324 W
30 % *estas *!0(2+W
2003
&?-o5y &ands
60
United Kingdom
30 % *estas *!0(2+W
2004
@lpha *ent8s
60
7e-many
541 # 636 )
200$
:alti? 1
4!
7e-many
21 % &iemens 2.3($3
2011
+iddelg-8nden
40
1enma-2
2001
"ource# $i%ipedia
Total (MW) 630 504 400 400 400 315 270 147.6 62 4$.5
Country United Kingdom United Kingdom 7e-many 7e-many 1enma-2 United Kingdom United Kingdom :elgi8m United Kingdom <hina
Turbines & model 175 % &iemens 3.6(120 140 % &iemens 3.6(107 !0 % @-e/a +8lti5-id +5000
Completion 2012 2012 2012 (>hase 1) 2015 (>hase 2) 2012 2013 2012 2012 2013 2012 F
7-eate- 7a55a-d '-ianel :o-28m West 00 :@.1 ;99sho-e 1 @nholt &he-ingham &hoal 3in?s 'ho-nton5an2 >hase 2 'eesside 1atang 3aiEho8 000
5422 # 55$ )
543$ # 14 W
"ource# $i%ipedia
)ust for comparison onshore wind farms and power production. &op '( countries by nameplate wind power capacity *2('' year+end, -ountry $ind power capacity *.$, provisional / world total * 0rovisional,
<hina 62C733 United &tates 46C$1$ 7e-many 2$C060 &pain 21C674 0ndia 16C0!4 6-an?e 6C!00 0taly 6C747 United Kingdom 6C540 <anada 5C265 >o-t8gal 4C0!3 (-est o9 4o-ld) (32C446) World Total 238,3 ! MW
24.5 '6.3 '2.2 6.' 4.3 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.2 '.3 +'5.7 '((/
&op '( countries by wind power electricity production *2('( totals, -ountry $ind power production *&$h, / world total
United &tates $5.2 <hina 55.5 &pain 43.7 7e-many 36.5 0ndia 20.6 United Kingdom 10.2 6-an?e $.7 >o-t8gal $.1 0taly !.4 <anada !.0 (-est o9 4o-ld) (4!.5) World total 3""#8 TW$
23.4 ' .6 '2.3 '(.4 4 5 2.7 2.4 2. 2.5 '8.' 1009
*"ource# 2lectricity 0roduction 9rom $ind "ources# .ain $ind 0ower 0roducing -ountries : 2('(,
&OS/&OM<%,ISONOFONSHO,E%N(OFFSHO,EWIN( F%,MS
Onshore 3nvestment of about T1.* million per 'W 7eveli?ed cost of 2. cents per ,Wh #U' ( 129% of capital costs 'ay be built in smaller units O44shore 3nvestment of T!.9 million per 'W 7eveli?ed cost of about 1"211 cents per ,Wh 5igher #U' ( -"T per ,W and ".. cents per ,Wh variable 7arge turbines and farms re=uired 3n spite of the higher costs and the uncertainties involved in offshore wind, research in this sector has been significant, and the main reason is the potential offered by offshore wind turbines, especially in lands close to water
&onclusionsand<rognosis
#ffshore wind farms will be future energy option to supplement conventional power. With extensive research on large si?e wind turbines and installation techni=ues of offshore wind turbines, the cost of power generation through offshore wind farms is expected to come down to be competitive with conventional power. B@:, +hina, @outh Corea, Taiwan, 1rance and Dapan have ambitious plans to go in for offshore wind farms on a massive scale. 3t is hoped '0F4 will initiate at least a 6ilot project of #ffshore Wind 1arm in 3ndia. :ll modern techni=ues of wind assessment have to be underta,en which will identify prospective locations to set up offshore wind farms in the country.
#f all the forces of nature, 3 should thin, the wind contains the largest amount of motive powerVthat is, power to move things. Ta,e any given space of the earth)s surfaceV for instance, 3llinoisR and all the power exerted by all the men, and beasts, and running2water, and steam, over and upon it, shall not e=ual the one hundredth part of what is exerted by the blowing of the wind over and upon the same space. :nd yet it has not, so far in the world)s history, become proportionably valuable as a motive power. 3t is applied extensively, and advantageously, to sail2 vessels in navigation. :dd to this a few windmills, and pumps, and you have about all. ... :s yet, the wind is an untamed, and unharnessed forceR and =uite possibly one of the greatest discoveries hereafter to be made, will be the taming, and harnessing of it. V %braham)incoln 7ecture ;(iscoveriesandInventions), ;1$ "< in Discoveries and Inventions ;191*<.
When the wind of change blows some build walls others build windmills * 7hinese $roverb , ,
0ut the $!<= to $O>?# &o get inexhaustible, pollution+free energy which cannot be misused. + 3r" " :agadeesh
Thank You