CHAPTER 3

MATTER

1.

2.

3.

WHAT IS MATTER ? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. All living things and non-living things around us are matter. Animals, plants, microorganisms and humans beings are examples of living matter.

butterfly mouse

Coconut tree

human

LIVING MATTER

4. Soil, air and water are examples of non-living matter.

water computer chair

book

NON-LIVING MATTER

5.

Heat, light and sound are not matter. This is because they do not occupy space.

THE STATES OF MATTER

1.

2.

The kinetic theory of matter states that matter is made up of small discrete particles. Matter exists in three states which are :

Solids b) Liquids c) Gases 3. Wood is an example of a solid, mercury is an example of a liquid and oxygen is an example of gas.
a)

4. Water is an example of matter that exists in three states : Water (liquid) Ice (solid) Water vapour/steam (gas) 5.Solids, liquids and gases have different properties.

6.The main differences between the three states of matter are shown below : Solid Liquid Gas Fixed Fixed No fixed volume volume volume Fixed shape No fixed No fixed shape shape

Does not take the shape of its container Does not flow Cannot be compressed

Takes the Takes the shape of its shape of its container container
Flows Flows

Cannot be Can be compressed compressed

7.The particles in the three states of matter are arranged differently.

Particles in solids

Particles in Particles in liquids gases

8. The particles of matter are always moving. 9. The moving of the particles is in random order (does not follow a pattern).

a)

b)

Particles in solid only vibrate in their fixed position. They do not move freely. Particles in liquid can move freely and randomly. They can also collide with one another.

c)

Particles in gas move freely and randomly at high speed. They collide with one another frequently.

BROWNIAN MOVEMENT 1. The random movement of the particles is called Brownian movement.

2. Brownian movement can be seen by viewing a smoke cell under a microscope. 3. The smoke particles move randomly in different directions. 4. This is because they collide with the air particles that are also moving randomly.

5. Brownian movement takes place in gases and liquids. 6. However, liquid particles move slower than gas particles.

THE CONCEPT OF DENSITY

1.

2.

The density of a substance is the mass of the substances per unit of its volume. The unit for density is g cm-3.

3. The formula for density is : Density = Mass__ Volume

4. The table below shows the densities of some objects or substances.

Solid

Object or substance Cork Ice Wax Perspex Aluminium Iron

Density (g cm-3) 0.25 0.92 0.95 1.2 2.6 7.9

Liquid

Object or Density substances (g cm-3) Copper 8.9 Lead 11.4 Gold 19.3 Kerosene 0.7 Alcohol 0.8 Water 1.0

Gas

Object or Density substances (g cm-3) Sea water 1.03 Chloroform 2.9 Mercury 13.6 Hydrogen 0.0001 Air 0.0012 Oxygen 0.0014