PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Elastic design method limits the usefulness to the allowable stress of the material, which is well below the elastic limit In plastic design method, the ultimate load is regarded as the design criterion. Plastic design method is rapid and provides a rational approach for the analysis. Plastic design method can be easily applied in the analysis and design of statically indeterminate framed structures.

INTRODUCTION

Basis of Plastic Theory

Ductility of Steel
Stress f Strain hardening

fy

Strain hardening commences

Strain

Idealised stress strain curve for steel in tension

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Stress

fy

Tension Strain

Compression fy

Stress - Strain Curve for perfectly plastic materials

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Fully Plastic Moment of a Section

Assumptions

Material obeys Hooke's law until the stress reaches the upper yield value; on further straining, the stress drops to the lower yield value and thereafter remains constant. Homogeneous and isotropic in both the elastic and plastic states. Plane transverse sections remain plane and normal to the longitudinal axis after bending.

The yield stresses and the modulus of elasticity have the same value in compression and tension. No resultant axial force on the beam. Cross section of the beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid parallel to plane of bending.

Every layer of the material is free to expand and contract longitudinally and laterally under stress.
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Bending of Beams Symmetrical about both Axes

f Neutral f fy

Axis

Elastic stresses in beams

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Plastic Zone (Compression)

fy

Neutral

Axis

Plastic Zone (Tension) (a)Rectangular (b) I - section section

fy

(c) Stress distribution for (a) or (b)

Stresses in partially plastic beams

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b Neutral
d

fy

Axis

fy (a) Rectangular section

(b) I - section

(c) Stress distribution for (a) or (b)

Stresses in fully plastic beams

fy

A1

y1
y2

G1

C = fy .A1

G2

A2

T = fy . A2
fy

Total compression , C

Total tension , T

Plastic Hinges
Plastic hinge - a yielded zone at which an infinite rotation can take place at a constant plastic moment.

Theoretically, a plastic hinge is assumed to form at a point of plastic rotation.

There is a constant moment at the Plastic hinge, with a value equal to Plastic moment Capacity of the cross section

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Plastic Hinges
Hinged Length of a Simply Supported Beam with

Central Concentrated Load

W h L/2 x MY Mp MY L/2 b

It has been shown that My = 2/3Mp and

1 L 3

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Fundamental Conditions for Plastic Analysis

Mechanism condition
The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a mechanism is formed.

Equilibrium condition
Fx = 0, Fy = 0, Mxy = 0

Plastic moment condition

Bending moment should not be more than the plastic moment.

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Mechanism
- Beam Mechanism

- Panel or Sway Mechanism

- Gable Mechanism - Joint Mechanism - Combined Mechanism

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Mechanism - 2

Beam Mechanism

Simply supported beam (fails due to formation of one hinge)

Propped cantilever beam (fails when 2 hinges are formed)

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Mechanism - 3

Beam Mechanism

Fixed beam

2 3

Three hinges are formed in the following order as shown: 1, 2, 3

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Mechanism - 4

Panel, Gable and Joint Mechanisms

(a) Panel Mechanism

(b) Gable Mechanism

(c) Joint Mechanism

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Mechanism - 5

Combined Mechanism
(Two hinges on the beam + 2 hinges at the base)
Two hinges developed on the beam

Combined Mechanism

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Load Factor and Theorems of Plastic Collapse Plastic analysis is governed by three theorems Lower Bound or Static Theorem

For a given structure and loading, if there exists any distribution of bending moment throughout the structure which is both safe and statically admissible with a set of loads W, the value of W must be less than or equal to the collapse load Wc
i.e,

W <= Wc

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Upper Bound or Kinematic Theorem

For a given structure and loading, the value of W found to correspond to any assumed mechanism must be either greater than or equal to the collapse load Wc
i.e,

W >= Wc

Uniqueness Theorem Static and kinematic theorem can be combined to form a theorem which gives unique value for collapse load. This theorem is called uniquenness theorem

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Rigid plastic analysis

Plastic zone
L W

Yield zone

Stiff length

B. M. D.

Moment rotation curve

Simply supported beam at plastic hinge stage

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Rigid plastic analysis - 2 W / unit length A B MB

P=0
MA

P=0

Loading

C
L

MP

MP Collapse

MP

MP

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Rigid Plastic Analysis - 3

Continuous Beams
10W 10W
6W

2L

2L

3L

2L

2L

3L

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Rigid Plastic Analysis - 4 10W 10W 6W

Collapse pattern 1:

2 10W
2
3 5

10W

6W

Collapse pattern 2:

10W

10W
3

6W

Collapse pattern 3:

2 5

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