Electromagnetic Induction

Motional emf
Faradays law
Examples
Generator
Reading Question
Currents circulate in a piece of metal that is pulled through
a magnetic field. What are these currents called?
1. Induced currents
2. Displacement currents
3. Faradays currents
4. Eddy currents
5. This topic is not covered in Chapter 33.
Reading Question
Currents circulate in a piece of metal that is pulled through
a magnetic field. What are these currents called?
1. Induced currents
2. Displacement currents
3. Faradays currents
4. Eddy currents
5. This topic is not covered in Chapter 33.
Reading Question
Electromagnetic induction was discovered by
1. Faraday.
2. Henry.
3. Maxwell.
4. Both Faraday and Henry.
5. All three.
Reading Question
Electromagnetic induction was discovered by
1. Faraday.
2. Henry.
3. Maxwell.
4. Both Faraday and Henry.
5. All three.
Reading Question
The direction that an induced current flows
in a circuit is given by
1. Faradays law.
2. Lenzs law.
3. Henrys law.
4. Hertzs law.
5. Maxwells law.
Reading Question
The direction that an induced current flows
in a circuit is given by
1. Faradays law.
2. Lenzs law.
3. Henrys law.
4. Hertzs law.
5. Maxwells law.
Electromagnetic Induction
Motional emf
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Electromagnetic Induction
Magnetic Flux
surface over constant B if A B A d B
surface

= =
}
u
Student Workbook
surface over constant B if A B A d B
surface

= =
}
u
Student Workbook
A B
surface
A B A B A d B

= = =
}
u cos

u
Student Workbook
Electromagnetic Induction
Faradays Law
On the table you will find a bar magnet and a coil.
The coil is connected to channel A on the Pasco
Interface so that we can monitor the voltage across
the coil. Turn on the interface and PC. Start
DataStudio and configure the system by clicking and
dragging the analog sensor plug icon to the channel A
input. Choose the voltage sensor and connect to
channel A. Next select the graph display icon and
drag it to the channel A icon. Set the time scale
maximum to 10 sec. and the voltage scale maximum
to 1.0 V.
Faradays Law
On the graph below draw (dash line) your prediction
for the emf due to thrusting a magnetic into the
center of the coil with the north pole toward the coil.
Do not withdraw the bar magnetic but stop the bar
magnetic in the center of the coil after thrusting it in.
coil
Electromagnetic Induction
Faradays Law
Now lets do the experiment. Start the recording and
thrust the bar magnet into the center of the coil with
the north pole toward the coil. Do not withdraw the
magnet and stop the recording. Observe the
deflection of the graph, both the magnitude and the
sign. How does your prediction compare with the
measurements? Draw the results on the axis above
with your prediction.
Electromagnetic Induction
Faradays Law
Now try different speeds. Draw the voltage for two
different speeds on the same graph above. Describe
what happens.

Electromagnetic Induction
Get actual data
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Faradays Law
Now try to predict the curve if you reverse the
magnetic so that the south pole is toward the coil.
Draw the curve on the graph on the next page.





Reverse the poles so that the south pole is toward the
coil and thrust the bar magnetic to the center of the
coil. Draw the trace below.
Electromagnetic Induction
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Faradays Law
Now try this. Place the bar magnet so that the north
pole is inside the coil. Start recording and pull the
bar magnetic out of the coil (south pole first). Draw
your prediction below.





Now do the experiment.
Electromagnetic Induction
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Faradays Law
This phenomena is called electromagnetic induction
and is described by Faradays law. Write Faradays
law.

In order to understand Faradays law we need to
understand the concept of magnetic flux. Write the
definition of magnetic flux.
|
m
= B - dA
}
Electromagnetic Induction
dt
t d
t
) (
) (
|
c =
Faradays Law
The magnetic flux is exactly like the electric flux we
studied in Gausss law. The flux is defined in terms
of a vector area dA. Describe the magnitude and
direction of this vector.
Electromagnetic Induction
normal to area
dA
The magnitude is the common area and the
direction is normal to the area.
Lenzs Law
The direction of the emf and
thus the current is given by
Lenzs law. The statement in
bold in the center of page 789
is a statement of Lenzs law.
Use this to find the direction
of the current. If you are
looking down on the loop
from above, is the current
flowing clockwise or counter
clockwise? Explain.
Electromagnetic Induction
Lenzs Law
Electromagnetic Induction
The magnetic is moving
away from the coil so the
magnetic field is
decreasing, thus the
current is in a direction to
off-set the decrease.
The magnetic is
moving toward the coil
so the magnetic field is
increasing, thus the
current is in a direction
to off-set the increase.
Faradays Law
Electromagnetic Induction
Does it make a difference if it is the magnetic moving
or the coil? This was a major point in Einsteins
theory of relativity.
Electromagnetic Induction
Faradays Law
What about these two cases?
Faradays Law
Discuss the following experiment in your group.
What will happen if you drop the bar magnet through
the coil with the north pole toward the coil. Use a
dash line to draw what you expect to see.
Electromagnetic Induction
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Faradays Law
Now do the experiment. Do not let the bar magnet
hit the floor. The bar magnet will lose its magnetism
if it hits the floor. Draw the results on the axis above.
Use a solid line. How did you do? If your prediction
was different discuss the results to make sure you all
understand.
Electromagnetic Induction
Faradays Law
Show that when you integrate the emf, e with respect
to time you get the average change in flux in time At.
t t dt t d
m m m
A ) ( = A =
} }
) ( ) ( c | c |
Electromagnetic Induction
dt
t d
t
) (
) (
|
c =
Average value
1 2
2
1
) (
) (
t t
dt t f
t f
t
t

=
}
Faradays Law
Now drop the magnet through the coil again and use
Data Studio to integrate the voltage curve for the two
peaks. How do the two compare? Write the answer
here.



Why is the maximum for the second peak larger in
magnitude than the first?
Electromagnetic Induction
Problem
A circular wire loop with a radius of 20 cm. is in a
constant magnetic field of 0.5 T .

What is the flux through
the loop if the normal to
the loop makes an angle
of 30
0
with the magnetic
field?
= =
= = = - =
} } }
2 0 2 0
0
) 2 . 0 ( 30 cos 5 . 0 30 cos
30 cos | | cos | | ) (
m T r B
dA B A d B A d B t
m
t t
u |

30
0
normal
Electromagnetic Induction
Problem
The magnetic field increases from 0.5 T to 2.5 T in
0.8 seconds. What is the average emf, c(t) induced in
the loop.
A|
m
= (c
m
(t))At (c
m
(t)) =
A|
m
At
A|
m
= |
m
(t
f
) |
m
(t
i
) = (B
f
B
i
)cos30
0
tr
2
V
s
Tm
t
t
m
m
27 . 0
8 . 0
22 . 0
) (
2
= =
A
A
= ) (
|
c
= (2.5T 0.5T)cos30
0
t(0.2m)
2
= 0.22Tm
2
Electromagnetic Induction
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Student Workbook
Class Questions
Is there an induced current in this circuit? If so, what is its
direction?
1. Yes, clockwise
2. Yes, counterclockwise
3. No
Class Questions
A square loop of copper wire is
pulled through a region of
magnetic field. Rank in order,
from strongest to weakest, the
pulling forces
that must be applied to keep
the loop moving at constant
speed.
1 2 3 4
, , , and F F F F
1. F
2
= F
4
> F
1
= F
3

2. F
3
> F
2
= F
4
> F
1

3. F
3
> F
4
> F
2
> F
1

4. F
4
> F
2
> F
1
= F
3

5. F
4
> F
3
> F
2
> F
1

Class Questions
A current-carrying wire is pulled away from a
conducting loop in the direction shown. As the
wire is moving, is there a cw current around the
loop, a ccw current or no current?
1. There is a clockwise current around the loop.
2. There is a counterclockwise current around the loop.
3. There is no current around the loop.
Class Questions
A conducting loop is
halfway into a magnetic
field. Suppose the magnetic
field begins to increase
rapidly in strength. What
happens to the loop?
1. The loop is pushed upward, toward the top of the page.
2. The loop is pushed downward, toward the bottom of the page.
3. The loop is pulled to the left, into the magnetic field.
4. The loop is pushed to the right, out of the magnetic field.
5. The tension is the wires increases but the loop does not move.
Example: Induction stove
The pan on the stove is heated by eddy currents
produced by induction.
Electromagnetic Induction

Would this stove
work with a
ceramic bowl?
Does the surface
of the stove get
hot?
Faradays Law
Now lets do another example of Faradays law. What
happens when you pull a coil out of a magnetic field?
Use the power supply and connect it to the large coil
on the table. Turn the voltage knob to zero (counter
clockwise) and turn on the supply. Make sure the
current limit switch is on high and the current knob
all the way clockwise to full range. Now increase the
voltage to 30 V and the current should be about 0.5
A. We are using this large coil to create a magnetic
field. Turn the supply off.
What direction is the field pointing when the supply
is on? Use the current direction to find the field
direction.
Electromagnetic Induction
Faradays Law picture would help
Get the small coil and place the coil above the large
coil and in the center. Pull the coil horizontally out of
the field. Discuss what you expect the voltage in the
small coil to look like. Draw what you expect below.
Assume positive voltage is when the emf and current
is clockwise looking down on the coil.
Electromagnetic Induction
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Faradays Law
Connect the Pasco interface voltage leads to the small
coil and place the coil in the center and over the large
coil. Turn on the supply, start DataStudio recording
and pull the coil out of the field. Stop recording.
Draw the measured voltage on the axis above. Does
the measured voltage agree with your prediction?

Electromagnetic Induction
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Faradays Law
What will happen if you flip the small coil by 180
degrees and repeat the experiment? Draw what you
expect below.
Now turn on the supply and do it again. Draw the
measured results. Does it agree with your guess?
Electromagnetic Induction
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Faradays Law
You want to try one more. This time place the small
coil on top of the large coil and increase the voltage
from zero to 30 V in 1 or 2 seconds. Do it again for 5
seconds and 10 seconds. Record all three on the same
graph below.




Can you explain the change in the curves? Discuss
this in your group and explain it below.
Electromagnetic Induction
c
time (s)
1.0 2.0 3.0
Application of Faradays Law
Generator
Electromagnetic Induction
Application of Faradays Law
Magnetic Recording
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
Two types of electric fields. One is created by charge and the
other is created by a changing magnetic field.
The Most Important Point of Faradays Law
A changing magnetic field produces
or creates an electric field.