Network layer protocols

Contents
Introduction
Address Resolution
Address Resolution Protocols
 Network Layer

The Network Layer is responsible for end-to-

end (source to destination) packet delivery
including routing through intermediate
hosts.

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 Introduction
Transporting packets of data
within IP-based n/w requires two levels :

 Logical
 Physical

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 Logical address
It is an Internetworking address, as it
is globally unique and universally
accepted.
It is necessary for transporting data
between two devices across the
Internet

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 Physical Address
Physical network, each devices is
identified with a locally unique physical
address that is embedded in the
hardware called Network Interface
Card (NIC)
Also called as Ethernet Hardware
Address (EHA), hardware address,
adapter address, or physical address.
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 Address Resolution

Mapping an IP address to a
Physical address
 Two types
Static
• Created and updated manually on
each machine
• Physical Address stored in NIC
• NIC in a machine changed,
Physical address also changed
• In some LAN the IP address
changes every time while powered
up (Ex: Local Talk, Apple Talk)
• If we used the DHCP to assign the
IP, the address will be changed
each time
• In portable computer the IP address
changes every time
Dynamic
• Whenever a machine knows
either the physical or the
logical address of another
host, it can use an address
resolution protocol(ARP)
and reverse address
resolution protocol(RARP)
• ARP – mapping of IP to
physical address
• RARP – mapping of physical
address to IP
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 Have Need
Resolved (mapped)
Destination to Destination
IP Address Physical Address
75.15.125.4 00 00 0C 00 23 45

• ARP is used to resolve the physical address of the destination

device from its IP
• Host of the network transmits the query packet onto the local
network to find the physical address
• Query packet includes broadcast address like FF FF FF FF FF FF
• All the host will receive the query only the intended addressed
host can resolve the query and reply to the requested host

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 Has Destination IP
Network 200.40.8.0
address; needs Physical Does anyone
address of the host out there know
the Physical
address for host Host B Host C Host D
200.40.8.1 200.40.8.6..? 200.40.8.2 200.40.8.3 200.40.8.4

Host A

ARP broadcast from host A onto local network 200.40.8.6

Yes, my IP
address
Is 200.40.8.6, &
My Physical
Address is 00 0C
2B 11 44 66

200.40.8.5 Host E 200.40.8.6 Host F 200.40.8.7 Host G

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 ARP Cache
• The host responds to the ARP request
with an ARP reply, which contains its
logical address as well as its local
(hardware) address(00 0C 2B 11 44 66)
• Host A maps host F’s IP and physical
address and stores both of them in a
location in volatile RAM called ARP
Cache.
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Any Questions..??
tHaNk YoU..

Seminar by Nilofer