Foundations of Personal Health

Chapter One

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Foundations of Personal Health

"Be more concerned with your character than with your reputation. Your character is what you really are, while your reputation is merely what others think you are."
Dale Carnegie

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Learning Outcomes
Be able to explain modern concept of health, define health, and identify the different dimensions of health. Have developed a level of health Understand literacy. the relative risk factors involved with certain behaviors. Explain the prospects of a healthy America for the 21st century. Identify the different Health Behavior models and theories.

2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Foundations of Personal Health

(overview)

Modern Concept of Health

Definition of Health Dimensions of Health Diversity and Health

Health Literacy

Self-Directed Learning Effective Communication Critical Thinking

Concept of Risk

Risk Perception Relative Risk

2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Foundations of Personal Health

(overview)

Advances in Public Health

Advances over the Past Century Healthy People 2020 Prospects for the 21st Century Understanding Health Behaviors Social Cognitive Theory Health Belief Model Stages of Change Model

2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Modern Concept of Health

Definitions of health

A state of complete mental, physical, and social

well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmary. A dynamic human condition with multiple intertwined dimensions. Quality of life (an overall sense of well-being and enjoyment of life). World Health Organization: a state of optimal functioning.

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7
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Modern Concept of Health

Quick Write
Everyone will need a pen and something to write on!

You have 1 minute to list 6 Dimensions of Health ANSWER Physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and environmental.
2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Modern Concept of Health

Dimensions of Health
Physical Health (the functional operation and soundness of the body) Emotional Health (the ability to deal with feelings, to cope with stress,
and to live independently)

Social Health (the ability to interact with others)

Intellectual Health (to question, to think, and to learn from life's
experiences)

Spiritual Health (a commitment to a set of values and principles that

guide our actions)
which we live)

Environmental Health (state of the environment, and the conditions in

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Modern Concept of Health

Diversity and Health
Just over 1/3 of the population reported race-ethnicity as
other than non-Hispanic White, 29% growth over decade Hispanic, African American and Asian population now comprise 16, 13 & 5 percent respectively of the total population Texas joined 3 states and DC in having a majorityminority population where more than 50% of the population is a minority group 57% of college students are women and over 60% of adult women are in the workforce. The population of young adults (ages 25-34) never married (46%), is now higher than the proportion married (45%) Immigration to the US, over the past decade, was at an all time high, averaging over 1 million per year
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Health Literacy

Quick Write
You have 1 minute to explain, in your own words, what health literacy means to you POSSIBLE ANSWER
The ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
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Health Literacy

Self-Directed Learning
The learner controls the learning objectives and

the means of learning Adult learning is mostly self-directed The Internet as a source for self-directed learning

Internal screening

.org (non-profit organization) .gov (federal government) .edu (college/university) .com (commercial business)

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12

Health Literacy

Effective Communication
Written communications Oral communications
"A good listener is not only popular everywhere,
but after a while he knows something." Wilson Mizner

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Health Literacy

Critical Thinking
A set of skills to process and generate

information and beliefs. A habit based on intellectual commitment of using those skills to guide behavior. A process that stresses attitude, incorporates logical inquiry and problem solving, and leads to an evaluative decision.

Critical thinking serves us in all endeavors and

should be a lifelong pursuit

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Concept of Risk
Health risks/risk factors
Any factor which increases susceptibility or
has an association with the occurrence, onset, or progression of a disease or injury. The concept that relates specific healthcompromising factors to increased likelihood of developing disease or higher death rates.

Epidemiology
The scientific discipline of studying the
occurrence, distribution, control and prevention of disease, infection, injury and other health related events in a defined human population.
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15

Concept of Risk

Risk Perception:
Whats safe
Risks that are natural Chosen risks Risks that come from people or
organizations that are trusted

Whats risky
Man-made risks Imposed risks Risks that come from a source we dont
trust
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16

Concept of Risk

Relative Risk
A measure of comparative risk of a health-

related event between two groups. The chance that a person receiving an exposure will develop a condition, compared to the chance that a non-exposed person will develop the same condition.

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17

What Have We Learned?

Fill in the blanks to the following questions
_______________: a commitment to a set of values and principles that guide our actions. One of the dimensions of health. _______________: the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. _______________: The learner controls the learning objectives and the means of learning. _______________: The scientific discipline of studying the occurrence, distribution, control and prevention of disease.
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18

What Have We Learned?

Fill in the blanks to the following questions
Spiritual Health: a commitment to a set of values and principles that guide our actions. Health literacy: the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Self-Directed Learning: The learner controls the learning objectives and the means of learning. Epidemiology: The scientific discipline of studying the occurrence, distribution, control, and prevention of disease.

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Advances in Public Health

Advances Over the Past Century

Clean water Improved sanitation Development of vaccines and antibiotics Safer and healthier foods Greater access to health care services Technologic improvements in health care Safety in the workplace Motor vehicle safety

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Advances in Public Health

Advances Over the Past Century
Infectious disease has been controlled with
public health advances. Infectious disease: a medical condition typically resulting from a disease-causing organism (viral, bacterial) Chronic disease / lifestyle disease a medical condition that is permanent and leaves a residual disability Three leading causes of death in the U.S. Heart disease Cancer Stroke
21

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Leading Causes of Death the in the U.S.

Actual Causes of Death in the U.S.

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Advances in Public Health

Healthy People 2020
Identifies the most significant and
preventable threats to public health and sets specific goals to reduce those risks.

Four overarching goals Twelve leading health indicators Forty-two topic areas

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Advances in Public Health

Prospects for the 21st Century
Ability to screen for genetically-based disease /
intervention greatly expanded Non-invasive medical imaging Reducing health disparities among groups

Melding of molecular biology, genetic engineering,

and nanotechnology will strengthen drug discovery and delivery Advances in biomedical engineering

Economics Education Culture

Tissue and organ replacement Improve transplantation process

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Knowledge by itself does not ensure positive decision making.

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Research studies during the last three decades have convincingly documented the benefits of physical activity and healthy lifestyles.

However, most people are still unable to implement or adhere to a healthy lifestyle program.

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For Example:
Studies have shown that over 60% of adults who start an exercise program quit within the first month. Over 65 million Americans meet the criteria for obesity. According to the US Surgeon General, at least 60% of adult Americans do not get the recommended amount of physical activity.

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Most Behaviors are a Product of our Environment

This environment includes family, friends, peers, home, school, work, our communities, and culture in general. When it comes to fitness and wellness, we live in a toxic environment. - modern conveniences - increases in fast food options and portion sizes

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Energy Intake vs. Energy Expenditure

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Health Behavior Theories

A conceptual framework of key factors or
variables hypothesized to influence health behavior. Established theories:

Are logical Are supported by evidence Underpin behavior change plans and strategies

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Social Cognitive Theory

Based on the concept that
behavior is dynamic. Interaction among the individual, the environment, and specific behaviors are subtle and complex.

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31

Understanding Health Behaviors

Health Belief Model
Five factors are
involved in influencing behavior.

Susceptibility Consequences Course of action Benefit of taking action Confidence and follow through

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Health Belief Model

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Understanding Health Behaviors

Prochaska &
DiClementes Stages of Change Model

Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance

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Barriers to Change:
Procrastination

Cultural Expectations or Beliefs

Gratification- Short term vs. Long Term

Risk Complacency - Wait until a problem occurs to deal with it

Complexity

Indifference/Helplessness
Rationalization its really not that bad

Invincibility - unhealthy behaviors wont harm me

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To Modify a Behavior, First Think About . . . Personal Attitudes toward the Behavior

Patterns which influence the Behavior

Is this a Learned Behavior that has been reinforced over time (How?)

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The Behavior Change Plan of Action

Monitor behavior and gather data Analyze data and identify patterns Set specific goals Devise a strategy modify your environment reward yourself involve friends and family Make a personal contract
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Final Considerations:

Dont try to change everything at once!!!

Overdoing it leads to burnout and failure. Identify one target behavior that you want to change and work on it systematically. Use a variety of strategies to make your plan work.
2013 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.