Physical Development

Group Members: 1. Alastair Sia 2. Elnabeth Elvia Yamoh 3. Nor Fathin Anisah 4. Sophie Chan

Definition : Refers to physical changes, rate of growth of the different body parts, the functions of the body parts and human features.

Child Development
Periods of development
Prenatal period: from conception to birth

Infancy: birth to 2 years

childhood: 3-11 years old

Adolescence: 12-19 years old

 Prenatal development is divided into 3 main periods

Germinal Period (0-2 weeks) Embryonic Period (3-8 weeks) Fetal Period (9 weeks-birth)

Prenatal Development

Germinal Period
During this period, the cells in the zygote divide rapidly, and the mass of cells moves slowly along the mother's fallopian tube to the uterus, where it is implanted in the uterine lining.

Embryonic Period
Endoderm

Respiratory and digestive systems.

Mesoderm

Circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, reproductive system. Nervous system, sensory receptors and skin.

Ectoderm

Fetal Period
The individual is referred to as a fetus during this period. Cells continue to divide, body structures become functional, and the fetus becomes capable of movement.

Summary of Infants Physical Development

AGE Born 6th month Physical Development -Weight & height increase in higher rate -Reflex decrease -Raise head, rolling & grasp -Alert towards movement -Identify object through the expression of people around them -Crawl and sit without support -Show grasp skill with fingers -Organized various audio-visual stimulation -Alert towards pictures -Differentiate objects from it surrounding based on colour and textual -Walk in better coordination -Manipulate small object with better coordination -Walking -Running -Jumping -Climbing -Manipulate object with best coordination

7th 12th month

13th 18th month

19th -24th month

Infants : Born- 2 years old

Size - Gain an ounce or 28 grams per day during the 1st two months. Then kilogram per month - Most babies double their birth weight & grow 30% in length by the 5th month. - By their 1st birthday, they typically triple their birth weight & grow more than 50% in length

Dental Growth - A babys 1st tooth appears at around 6 months. - Some begin teething as early as 3 months & others after 1st birthday. - Lower 2 middle teeth usually come 1st, followed by the upper 2 middle teeth. - During teething, some babies become fussy, lose appetite & drool. - Experts recommend that parent clean babys teeth regularly, avoid putting baby to bed with a bottle of milk or formula & see a dentist before a babys 1st birthday

Gross Motor
Gross motor skills- involve the large muscles of the arms, legs and abdomen. Gross motor milestones: (all ages approximate) 3 months - raise their head and chest when lying on their stomach 6 months - roll from their stomach to their back Between 6 and 7 months- sit without support Between 8 and 10 months crawl 9 months - pull themselves up to stand with support 11 months - stand alone without assistance 12 months walk, first with support then on their own

Milestones in Gross Motor Development

Stand with support

Sit without support Degree of motor development

Walk alone easily

Support some weight with legs

Stand alone easily Roll over Walk using furniture for support Prone, chest up, arms for support

Pull self to stand

Prone, lift head 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Visual Acuity During the First Months of Life

Fine Motor
Fine Motor skills- involve the small muscles of the hands and wrists. Fine motor milestones: (all ages approximate): 3 months - coordination of hands, grasp objects 8 months - pincer grasp 11 months - grasp a crayon and draw

Baby begins to crawl and grasp things

Baby masters balance and grasping things

Child is nurtured by mother Perceptions, nurturing, and practice allow baby to fine-tune grasping

Child is encouraged by grandmother

Early Childhood (2-6 years old)

Slower than the previous stages. Childs height is twice compared to during birth. Body weight may be four times more. The bigger muscles would have developed but fine muscle would not be developed fully.

 Research has proven that girls grow faster than boys. Psychomotor ability will develop in sequence, for instance children are able to run before they can play using roller-skates. The rate of development and psychomotor abilities is influenced by the individuals genes. - Example: if both his parents are able to walk at early an early age, its quite possible that the child will also be able to walk at an early stage.

AGE (YEARS)
2

PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Going up steps with some help. Holding big objects like balls and manipulate smaller objects like colour pencil. Throwing the ball. Riding a tricycle. Jumping and running. Going up and down steps without help. Using roller-skates. Writing alphabet and words easily.

Table 1: Examples of psychomotor activities of a child.

Childhood (7-12 years)

Growth and development rate is stable but will be at a slower pace. The growth and development is more on the refinement of the psychomotor skills. Permanent teeth starts to replace the milk teeth.

 Girls height increases between 8 to 10 years old and reaches its peak at 12 years old. Boys height will increase between 10 to 12 years of age and will reach their maximum height at 15 years old. In general, most children become thinner as they grow older. They approach puberty at about 11 years old. - they seem stronger and more focus on the activities or task given to them.

 The fine muscles are more developed. The eyes coordinate better. The hands are more developed enabling them to write properly, play musical instruments like piano, violin or even sewing, knitting and other outdoor activities like sports. Boys are more towards contact games like football.

Implications on the Teaching and Learning Process in the Classroom

Children can be taught to play musical instruments and arts. Involve the children in games, swimming, gymnastic so as to strengthen their muscles, building resistance and develop better body movement.

 Allow opportunities for boys to be involved with games such as football and appropriate games or sports for girls like netball. Children will feel satisfied if they are able to do things on their own. Children are active at this stage. A teacher can prepare some activities like playing ball and running.

EARLY ADOLESCENT
12-15 years

 The growth and development rate in this stage are rapid. Physical changes such as height, size, and body shape are more significant and toward adulthood. Size changes in a girl happens rapidly one or two years before puberty (growth spurt).

 When a girl reaches puberty;

Become more feminine Growth of armpit and pubic hair Develop breast Start having period

When a boy reaches puberty:

Growth of facial, armpit, and pubic hair Voice changes

 Girls experience height changes and puberty earlier than boys. However, boys have longer growth period when their reach puberty. Muscle growth is more significant in boys. Generally, they are physically strong.

Implication in Teaching & Learning in class

Activities (a talk, counseling) that can help the adolescent in understanding themselves better. Healthy social activities such as a fun exercise. A teacher should be sensitive and attends to the changes in students as these affect the preparation, ability and childs interest in learning at school.

THANK YOU