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Mechanics can be divided into two parts,

kinematics and dynamics.
Mechanics
Mechanics is the study of motion of objects.
Kinematics is the description of the motion of
objects without looking at what is causing it.
In Dynamics how the motion takes place is
explained using the concept of force and energy.
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Ch2: Kinematics in One-Dimension
1. Reference frame and displacement
2. Velocity, average and instantaneous
3. Acceleration
4. Motion at constant acceleration
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At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. define displacement, velocity (average &
instantaneous) and acceleration.
2. derive the equations of motion with constant
acceleration.
3. explain the motion of an object based on the given
s-t, v-t or a-t, graphs (do graphical analysis).
4. solve problems using equations of motions.
Lesson Outcomes
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Motion is among the first ever concept to be
observed and studied by mankind.
I ntroduction
A sound grasp of key principles of mechanics
is essential.
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Reference Frames
Reference frame is important when we want to define
the relative change of position of an object.
A reference point is defined as a point relative to
which a position or changed of position is defined.
When describing the motion of an object, not only the
reference frame and reference point is significant, it is
also important to specify the direction of the motion
relative to the reference frame or point.
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If we take Ipoh as a reference point, then Kuala
Lumpur is around 205 kilometers south, and
Johor Bahru is about 573 kilometers south.
J.B. IPOH
KL
205 km
573 km
A simple example on Reference Frame
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And, if we take Kuala Lumpur as your reference
point then, Johor Bahru is around 368 km south
and Ipoh 205 km north.
J.B. IPOH
368 km
Reference frames must be used when you
deal with vector quantities.
KL
- 205 km
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Kinematics Definitions
Displacement is defined as a change of position (Ax).
Ax = x
2
-

x
1
x
1
x
2
x

Note: Displacement does not depend on the path taken by the object.
It only depends on its initial and final position.
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When an object is in motion, the rate of change
of its position is called the velocity (v).
t
x x
t
x
v
1 2

=
A
A
=
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The average velocity, , is the ratio of the
displacement Ax to the time taken At for the
displacement to occur is called.
v
The limit of this ratio as At 0 is
called the instantaneous velocity.
t
x
v
A
A
=
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instantaneous
velocity, v
t
x
v
lim
t
A
A
=
A 0
t
x
v
A
A
=
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In a similar manner, the rate of change of
velocity is called acceleration.
We have corresponding definitions of
average acceleration and
instantaneous acceleration.
t
v v
t
v
a
i f

=
A
A
=
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a
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Motion with Constant Acceleration
Lets derive the equations of motion.
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v final velocity (sometimes, v
f
)
u initial velocity (sometimes, v
0
or v
i
)
a constant acceleration
g gravitational acceleration
s displacement
t time
Symbols Descriptions
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Derivation of the equations of motion
Consider an object with constant acceleration a,
initial position x
0
, initial velocity v
0
.
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(ii) Find the displacement after time t. The average
velocity is


The displacement, Ax, is then







2
0
v v
v
ave
+
=
( )t v v t v x
ave
+ = = A
0
2
1
2
0
2
1
at t v x + = A
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(iii) From the definition of a, we have

Substitute into:









( )
a
v v
t
0

=
2
0
2
1
at t v x + = A
2
0 0
0
2
1
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
.
|

\
|

= A
a
v v
a
a
v v
v x
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Equations of motion with
constant acceleration
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
at ut s
t
v u
t v s
as u v
at u v
ave
+ =
+
= =
+ =
+ =
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A natural example is free fall in the
approximately uniform gravitational field
close to the surface of the Earth.
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Free Fall
Gravitational acceleration is always downwards no matter which
direction the object is moving.
Whether it is positive or negative depends on the reference frame or
reference point. If we take upwards to be the positive direction, then
the gravitational acceleration is always negative, i.e. 9.81 m/s
2
.
The quantity that changes is the velocity. The velocity is positive
when the object is moving upwards, zero at the highest position
and negative when it is moving downwards.
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Free Fall
Direction/position
of object
Velocity
Gravitational
acceleration
Description of
Motion
Upwards
Highest point
Downwards
positive negative Slowing down
zero
negative
negative negative
Changing direction
Speeding up
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Equations of motion for free fall
(taking upwards to be positive direction)
2
2 2
2
1
2
gt ut s
gs u v
gt u v
=
=
=
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Graphical analysis
Graphical representation of linear motion.
Constant velocity Constant velocity
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Increasing velocity,
Constant acceleration
Constant acceleration
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Increasing velocity,
Non-constant (increasing) acceleration
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From the graph you can obtain two very
important information for analysis
purposes.
gradient
area under the graph
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Velocity - time graph
A v
A t
t
t A
A
=
v
Gradient
v
= acceleration
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Area under graph =
= displacement
t
ut +
( ) t u v
2
1
( )
2
2
1
t
t
u v
ut

+ =
2
2
1
t a ut + =
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gradient
area under the graph
displacement:
For velocity - time graph
acceleration
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Vector quantity is a quantity that has both the
magnitude and direction.
Examples: Displacement, velocity, acceleration,
force.
Scalar quantity is a quantity with
magnitude only.
Examples: Distance, speed, mass, energy.
Vectors and Scalars
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Distance is a scalar quantity which refers to "how
much ground an object has covered" during its motion.
Displacement is a vector quantity which refers to
"how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's
overall change in position.
taken time
distance total
Speed=
taken time
nt displaceme total
velocity=
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Examples
A car starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate in a straight line. In the
first second the car covers a distance of 2.0 m.
a) How fast will the car be moving at the end of 2 s?
b) How far does the car moves during the second s of its motion?

m 0 . 2 , s 1 , 0 = = = s t u
2
2
1
at ut s + =
( )
2
1
2
1
0 2 a + =
2
2
m/s 4
s 1
m 2 2
=

= a
at u v + = a)
( )( ) 2 4 0 + =
m/s 8 =
2
2
1
b) at ut s + =
( )( )
2
2 4
2
1
0+ = m 8 =
During second s, it moves 8 m 2 m = 6 m
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Example
A ball is dropped from rest from a tower and strikes the ground 125 m
below. Approximately how many seconds does it take the ball to strike the
ground after being dropped? Neglect air resistance.
5.05 s
? m, 125 , 81 . 9 , 0 = = = = t s a u
2
2
1
at ut s + =
( )
2
81 . 9
2
1
0 125 t + =
( )
s 05 . 5
81 . 9
125 2
=

= t
( )
2
81 . 9
2
1
0 125 t + =
( )
s 05 . 5
81 . 9
125 2
= = t
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Example
A ball is shot straight up from the surface of the earth with an initial speed of
19.6 m/s. Neglect any effects due to air resistance.
(a) What is the magnitude of the balls displacement from the starting point after
1.00 second has elapsed?
(b) What maximum height will the ball reach?
(c) How much time elapses between the throwing of the ball and its return to
the original launch point?
Ans: 14.7 m, 19.6 m, 4.00 s