Dimension stones of the Historical City Wall of Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Construction, Weathering, Damages.

Bausteine der historichen Stadtmauer von Cluj-Napoca, Rumnien. Konstruktion, Verwitterung, Schden.

Dr. Paul Calin RCTIANU

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Napuca first documentation (Roman Dacia) After the Roman conquest (101-102, 105-106 A.D.) Napuca was destroyed

New locality (civitas), Napoca was built (marked in red)

During the 9th-10th centuries a new mediaval fortification was built (marked in yellow) After the Tartars invasion in 1241 developing of an urban organization within the 15th century The right to build defence walls, bastions and towers, construction continued till the end of 16th century

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

new fortress 45 ha walls with loop-holes 20 towers and gates built by the Handmaids Brotherhoods, used for defence

the city used to pay local inhabitants for limestone mining

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

A. The sketch map documenting the occurrence of Eocene limestones in the vicinity of Cluj-Napoca. Legend: 1 - Metamorphic rocks, 2 Upper Cretaceous deposits, 3 Paleogene deposits, 4 Miocene deposits, 5 Quarry (from Koch et al., 2008, based on Sndulescu et al., 1978); B. Panoramic view of the Baci Quarry.

Baci quarry, near Cluj-Napoca where the basal strata of the Eocene limestone (Cluj Limestone) The limestones were deposited on a shallow tropical carbonate platform in the Transylvanian Basin during the Late Eocene - Early Oligocene.

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Compact packstone with red algae fragments, lamellobranchiate fragments and other common miliolids.

Compact bioclastic packstone with foraminifera and red algae in sparitic cement

Compact weckstone with miliolids in micritic cement. Fractures paralel to the surface of the stone.

Porous packstone with ooids, foraminifera, moluscs fragments and

Porous packstone with lamellobranchiate fragments, red algae and gastopodes in micritic cement.

Compact bioclastic Mudstone/Weckstone with planctonic

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Litho (Facies)-Type Clash-Test
(Sonic velocity)

Moisture
(GANN-hydrometer)

D C B

D C

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Litho (Facies)-Type

D C B

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Porous and fractured oolitic packstone-grainstone with cores of ooids formed by common miliolids, other foraminifera, and detrital quartz grains. Relics of isopacheous cement rims and micrite (commonly re-crystallised to microspar) are visible. A predominant result of weathering is the formation of fractures parallel to the surface of the stone (variable thermal expansion or insolation).

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Highly porous foraminiferal wackestone-packstone.

The micrite is heavily altered to microsparite and pseudosparite or completely dissolved. The fossil fragments are commonly re-crystallised. Abundant biomolds and vugs are visible.

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Loss of material Fissures/Deformations Detachments Discoloration/Deposits

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

XRD Analysis
Sample L1 L2 L3 L4 Calcite 23 65 67 76 Dolomite 13 14 24 22 Gypsum 32 8 5 0 Quartz 20 4 4 1 Clay Minerals 12 9 2 2

The dissolution of carbonate, growth of gypsum and relative increase of clay and quartz (due to dissolution of limestone) can be documented from the inner unaltered limestone to the outer crust.

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% L1 L2 L3 L4

Calcite Dolomite Gypsum Quartz Clay Minerals

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Invasion of moisture + SO2 pollutants original rock is partly dissolved

In dry periods the solutions are transported towards the surface by evaporitic forces and form crusts which are composed of gypsum and occur on the heavily weathered zone.
In the heavily weathered zone the carbonate are intensively dissolved and the insoluble residue of the original limestone (composed of clay minerals, quartz and feldspar) are relatively enriched. The outer crusts can be pigmented by black particles of for example, burning take up more heat an increased thermal expansion. Organic compounds can settle of the outer and inner crusts.

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

1 3

1 - detrital fragments of quartz (Q) bound in matrix (Ma). Inside the matrix, portlandite (Por) with microgranular aspect is visible. Microcrystalline silica (Si) is present inside a pore lined with portlandite (Por). N+ 2 - detrital fragments of quartz (Q), limonitized quartzite (Qlim), muscovite (Mu), bioclastic relicts (Bio) bound inside the matrix (50-55%) (Ma). The texture is bioclastic psammitic and the structure is massive. N+ 3 - concrete mortar as a mineral aggregate composed of quartz (Q) (app. 30%) and microcrystalline matrix (Ma) (70%)

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

Sample vp [km/s] A3 C2 1,9 1,3 1,8 1,8 E-Modulus [kN/mm] 5,5 0,6 4,7 4,7

Compressive strenght bD [N/mm] < 2,5 < 2,5 < 2,5 < 2,5

MG [-] I I I I

C3 F1

L4 B1
C1 D3

1,9
2,4 2,0 2,1 2,0 2,1 2,8 2,6 2,5 3,0 3,6 3,5 3,1 3,8 3,6

5,5
9,6 6,3 7,1 6,3 7,1 12,8 11,2 10,4 14,5 19,4 18,5 15,3 21,0 19,4

< 2,5
> 2,5, < 5,0 > 2,5, < 5,0 > 2,5, < 5,0 > 2,5, < 5,0 > 2,5, < 5,0 > 5,0 < 10,0 > 5,0 < 10,0 > 5,0 < 10,0 ~ 10 > 10,0, < 20,0 > 10,0, < 20,0 > 10,0, < 20,0 ~ 20 ~ 20

I
II II II II II IIa IIa IIa III III III III III III

E4 E7 E8 B1 D4 E9 A2

Mortar types: A - lime mortars B - hydraulic mortar (natural) C - cement mortars

L3 A1 L3 C4 L3 D1 P4 P4 N 1

 History Technical description Mapping Weathering and damages Conclusions

The Old City Wall of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, is part of the former Clujs fortifications from the 16th century. Eocene limestone was used as building stone. The analyses revealed remarkable damages due to the intensive weathering. The presence of these complex processes required macroscopic and microfacies analyses of the building stones combined with mineralogical investigations. All the building stones used were indexed together with their complex damages by mappings and database models, which allow additional calculation of all the necessary costs for the restoration of the wall.

Large parts of the wall need special attention and urgent restorations.