UNIT 19 : MAGNETIC FIELD

19.1 Magnetic field

19.2 Magnetic field produced by current-
carrying conductor
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a
uniform magnetic field
19.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in
a uniform magnetic field
19.5 Forces between two parallel current-
carrying conductors
19.6 Torque on a coil
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic
field and electric field


19.1 Magnetic Field (1 hour)


Learning Outcomes :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to ;
(i) Define magnetic field.
(ii) Identify magnetic field sources.
(iii) Sketch the magnetic field lines.
19.1 Magnetic field
is defined as a region surrounding a magnet
or a conductor carrying current where a
magnetic force is experienced.
Magnets always have two poles :
a) North and south poles.
b) Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
Magnetic field lines
A magnetic field can be represented by
magnetic field lines (straight lines or curves).
Arrows on the lines show the direction of the
field : the arrows point away from north poles
and towards south poles.
unit cross-
sectional area
Magnetic field lines 19.1 Magnetic field
A uniform field is represented by parallel
lines. This means that the number of lines
passing perpendicularly through unit area
at all cross-sections in a magnetic field
are the same as shown below.
Magnetic field lines 19.1 Magnetic field
A non-uniform field is represented by non-
parallel lines. The number of magnetic field
lines varies at different unit cross-sections
as shown below.
A
1 A
2
19.1 Magnetic field Magnetic field lines
The tangent to a curved field line at a
point indicates the direction of the
magnetic field at that point.
direction of
magnetic field at
point P.
P
Magnetic field lines do not intersect
one another.
19.1 Magnetic field Magnetic field lines
The number of lines per unit cross section
area is an indication of the strength of
the field. The number of lines per unit
cross-sectional area is proportional to
the magnitude of the magnetic field.
stronger field in A
1
A
1 A
2
Magnetic field lines
enter the page
perpendicularly
Magnetic field lines
leave the page
perpendicularly
Magnetic field can also be represented by
crosses or by dotted circles as shown
below.
Magnetic field lines 19.1 Magnetic field
B into the page
B out of page
19.1 Magnetic field
The magnetic field lines pattern can be
obtained by using iron filings or a plotting
compass.
the arrowhead of a
compass needle is
a north pole.
Field Patterns
19.1 Magnetic field
The direction of the magnetic field at a point
is defined as the direction of a compass
needle points when placed at that point.
Field Patterns
19.1 Magnetic field
Field Patterns
a. A bar magnet b. Horseshoe or U magnet
c. Two bar magnets (unlike pole) - attractive
d. Two bar magnets (like poles) - repulsive
Neutral point
(point where the resultant
magnetic force/field
strength is zero)

Field Patterns
19.1 Magnetic field
19.1 Magnetic field
Field Patterns
e. A circular coil
f. A long
straight
wire
g. A solenoid
19.1 Magnetic field
h. Earth
Magnetic Field
Field Patterns
19.1 Magnetic field
Magnetic Flux,
is a measure of the number of field lines
that cross a surface area.
is defined as the scalar product between
the magnetic flux density, B and the vector
of the surface area, A.
BA A B cos = =

u
flux magnetic = u
. and of direction the between angle A B =
density flux magnetic
strength field magnetic
=
= B
through pass lines field that area the = A
area, A

19.1 Magnetic field

Magnetic Flux,
scalar quantity.
unit : weber(Wb)/ tesla-meter squared(T.m
2
)
1 T.m
2
= 1 Wb
Consider a uniform magnetic field B
passing through a surface area A as shown
in figure below.
B

area, A

0 cos = BA u
BA
B
= u
In Figure below, u = 0
19.1 Magnetic field
Magnetic Flux,

90 cos = BA u
0 = u
If u = 90
A
B
Magnetic Flux Density, B
is defined as the magnetic flux per unit
area at right angles to the magnetic field.

=
A
B
u
flux magnetic = u
field magnetic
the to angles right at area =

A
vector quantity and its direction follows
the direction of the magnetic field.
unit : weber per metre squared (Wb m
-2
)
or tesla (T).
gauss(G) 10 = m Wb 1 = T 1
4 -2
Magnetic Flux Density, B
19.1 Magnetic field
19.2 Magnetic field produced by current-
carrying conductor (1 hour)
Learning outcomes :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to ;
Apply magnetic field formula ;

(i) for a long straight wire


(ii) for a circular coil

(iii) for a solenoid
r
I
B
o
t

2
=
r
I
B
o
2

=
nI B
o
=
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by
current - carrying conductor
B is a vector quantity.
Magnitude :









r
I
B
o
t

2
=
B

I
Current out of the page
View from the top
A long
straight
wire
(4 t x 10
-7
H m
-1
)
space free of
ty permeabili
0
:
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
B = magnetic field strength / flux
density (T)
I = current in the wire (A)
r = perpendicularly distance of P from
the wire (m)

o
= constant of proportionality
known as the permeability of
free space (vacuum)
= 4 x 10
-7
Henry per metre (H m
-1
)




r
I
B
o
P
t

2
=
P
r
Direction :
right-hand grip rule
out of the page
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
Example 19.2.1
Determine the magnetic field strength at
point X and Y from a long, straight wire
carrying a current of 5 A as shown below.
2 cm
6 cm
X
Y
I = 5 A
r
I
B
o
X
t

2
= = 5.0 x 10
-5
T , into the page
B
Y
= 1.67 x 10
-5
T , out of the page
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
Exercise (DIY)
1. Two straight parallel wires are 30 cm
apart and each carries a current of 20 A.
Find the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic field at a point in the plane of the
wires that is 10 cm from one wire and 20
cm from the other if the currents are
(i) in the same direction,
(ii) in the opposite direction.
I
I X
S
N
R
I
I
I
S
N
A circular coil
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
A circular coil
Magnetic field strength
at the center given as
r
I
B
o
2

=
r
r = radius of the coil
(m)
r
NI
B
o
2

=
* For N loops / number
of turns on the coil
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
Example 19.2.3
A circular coil having 400 turns of wire in air
has a radius of 6 cm and is in the plane of the
paper. What is the value of current must exist
in the coil to produce a flux density of 2 mT at
its center ?
A solenoid
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
I
I
or
I
I
X X X X
I
I
I
I
I
I
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
A solenoid
Magnetic field strength
at the center
nI B
o
=
L
N
n = where
= number of turns
per length
L
Example 19.2.4
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
An air-core solenoid with 2000 loops is 60 cm
long and has a diameter of 2.0 cm. If a
current of 5.0 A is sent through it, what will be
the flux density within it ?
nI B
o
=
L
N
n = where
Exercise
19.2 Magnetic field (B) produced by current - carrying conductor
1. A solenoid is constructed by winding 400 turns of
wire on a 20 cm iron core. The relative permeability of
the iron is 13000. What current is required to
produce a magnetic induction of 0.5 T in the center of
the solenoid ?
1 - 2 - 7 -
r
m H 10 x 63 . 1 ) 10 x 4 ( x ) 13000 (
core, the of ty permeabili The
= = = t
o
2. A student is provided with a 3.0 m long wire with
a current of 0.15 A flowing through it. What is the
strength of the magnetic field at the centre of the
wire if the wire is bent into a circular coil of one
turn ? ( B = 1.97 x 10
-7 T
)

3. A circular coil has 15 turns and a diameter of
45.0 cm. If the magnetic field strength at the
centre of the coil is 8.0 x 10
-4
T, find the current
flowing in the coil. ( I = 19.1 A )
(
0
= 4 x 10
-7
Hm
-1
)

19.3 Force on a moving charged particle
in a uniform magnetic field (1 hour)

Learning Outcomes :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to ;

(i) Use force,
(ii) Describe circular motion of a charge in a
uniform magnetic field.
(iii) Use relationship
B v q F x =
c B
F F =
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle
in a uniform magnetic field.
A charge q moving with speed v at angle
with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of
magnitude B experiences a magnetic force
of magnitude,
u sin = Bqv F
u sin
x
qvB F
B v q F
=
=
* Where = angle between B and v
* For electron , q = e.
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
u sin = Bqv F
Direction of F :
Flemings right hand rule : - negative charge
Flemings left hand rule : - positive charge

Thumb direction of Force (F)
First finger direction of Magnetic field (B)
Second finger direction of Velocity (v)
negative charge
B

positive charge
B

Determine the direction of the magnetic

force, exerted on a charge in each problem
below.

+
B

19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.

Example 19.3.1

X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
v

+
I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Example 19.3.2
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
Determine the sign of a charge in each
problem below.
B

19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.

Exercise
1. Calculate the magnitude of the force on a
proton travelling 3.1 x 10
7
m s
-1
in the uniform
magnetic flux density of 1.6 Wb m
-2
,if :
(i) the velocity of the proton is perpendicular
to the magnetic field.


(ii) the velocity of the proton makes an angle 60
with the magnetic field.
(charge of the proton = +1.60 x 10
-19
C)
N F 10 x 9 . 7
12 -
=
N F
12 -
10 x 9 . 6 =
u sin = Bqv F
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
u sin = Bqv F
Example 19.3.4
A charge q
1
= 25.0 C moves with a speed of
4.5 x 10
3
m/s perpendicularly to a uniform
magnetic field. The charge experiences a
magnetic force of 7.31 x 10
-3
N. A second charge
q
2
= 5.00 C travels at an angle of 40.0
o
with
respect to the same magnetic field and
experiences a 1.90 x 10
-3
N force. Determine

(i) The magnitude of the magnetic field and
(ii) The speed of q
2
.
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
u sin = Bqv F
Solution 19.3.4
q
1
= 25.0 C , v
1
= 4.5 x 10
3
m/s,
1
= 90.0
o

F
1
= 7.31 x 10
-3
N, q
2
= 5.00 C,
2
= 40.0
o
,
F
2
= 1.90 x 10
-3
N force.
(i)
2
2 -
1 1
1
1
T 10 x 50 . 6 B
v q
F
B B = = = =
(ii) v
2
= 9.10 x 10
3
m/s
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
Circular Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Uniform Magnetic Field
Consider a charged particle moving in a uniform
magnetic field with its velocity (v) perpendicularly to
the magnetic field (B).

As the particle enters the region, it will experience a
magnetic force (F) which the force is perpendicular to
the velocity of the particle. Hence the direction of its
velocity changes but the magnetic force remains
perpendicular to the velocity.

This magnetic force causes the particle to move in
a circle.
+
v

+
B
F

+
v

B
F

X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
B into the
page
+
v

+
B
F

+
v

B
F

B out of
the page
Circular Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
The magnetic force provides the centripetal
force for the particle to move in circular motion.
c B
F F =
r
mv
Bqv
2
= u sin

90 = u
Bq
mv
r =
r=?
m=?

19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
Circular Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
The time for one rotation (period),
v
r 2
T
t
=
Bq
mv
r =
Bq
m 2
T
t
=
f
1
T =
m 2
Bq
f
t
=
and
and
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
Circular Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
Exercise (DIY)
1. A proton is moving with velocity 3 x 10
5
m/s
vertically across a magnetic field 0.02 T.
(m
p
= 1.67 x 10
-27
kg)
Calculate ;

a) kinetic energy of the proton
b) the magnetic force exerted on the proton
c) the radius of the circular path of the
proton.
7.52 x 10
-17
J , 9.6 x 10
-16
N, 0.16 m
19.3 Force on a moving charged particle in a uniform magnetic field.
Circular Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
Exercise
1. An electron is projected from left to right into a
magnetic field directed into the page. The
velocity of the electron is 2 x 10
6
ms
-1
and the
magnetic flux density of the field is 3.0 T. Find
the magnitude and direction of the magnetic
force on the electron.
(charge of electron = 1.6 x 10
-19
C)
(9.6 x 10
-13
N, downwards)

2. A proton with a mass of 1.67 x 10
-27
kg is
moving in a circular orbit perpendicular to a
magnetic field. The angular velocity of the proton
is 1.96 x 10
4
rad s
-1
. Determine ;
(i) the period of revolution,
(ii) the magnetic field strength of the field.
(charge of proton = 1.6 x 10
-19
C)

(T = 3.2 x 10
-4
s , B = 2.05 x 10
-4
T)

19.4 Force on a current- carrying
conductor in a uniform magnetic
field (1 hour)

Learning Outcomes :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to ;

(i) Use force,
( ) B L I F

=
19.4 Force on a current- carrying
conductor in a uniform magnetic
field
When a current-carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field B, thus a
magnetic force will act on that conductor.
The magnitude of the magnetic force
exerts on the current-carrying conductor is
given by

In vector form,
BIL F sin =
( ) B L I F

=
19.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
BIL F sin =
force magnetic : F
density flux magnetic the of magnitude : B
current : I
B I

and of direction between angle :
conductor the of length : L
Direction of F: Flemings left hand rule.
B

I
F

Thumb direction of Force (F)

First finger direction of Magnetic field (B)
Second finger direction of Current (I )
19.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
BIL F sin =
F = 0 when =0
B

0 = u
I
B

90 = u
I
F is maximum when =90
o

90 BIL F sin
max
=
BIL F =
max

0 BIL F sin =
0 F =
Determine the direction of the magnetic force,
exerted on a conductor carrying current, I in each
problem below.
a. b.

B

I
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
B

I
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
b.
B

I
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
F

(to the left)

B

I
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
F

(to the right)

19.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
Example 19.4.1
a.
A wire of length 0.655 m carries a current
of 21.0 A. In the presence of a 0.470 T
magnetic field, the wire experiences a
force of 5.46 N . What is the angle (less
than 90
o
) between the wire and the
magnetic field?
BIL
F
1 -
sin = u
19.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
Example 19.4.2
BIL F sin =
1. A square coil of wire containing a single turn is
placed in a uniform 0.25 T magnetic field. Each
side has a length of 0.32 m, and the current in
the coil is 12 A. Determine the magnitude of the
magnetic force on each of the four sides.
19.4 Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field.
Exercise

BIL F sin =
90
o
B
I
0.96 N (top and bottom sides)
0 N (left and right sides)
2. A straight wire with a length of 0.65 m and
mass of 75 g is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of 1.62 T. If the current flowing in the wire
is perpendicular to the magnetic field, calculate
the current required to balance the wire ?
(g = 9.81 ms
-2
) ( I = 0.70 A )

19.5 Forces between two parallel
current- carrying conductors (1 hour)

Learning Outcomes :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to ;
(i) Derive force per unit length of two parallel
current-carrying conductors.
(ii) Use force per unit length,
(iii) Define one ampere.
d
I I
L
F
t

2
2 1 0
=
19.5 Forces between two parallel
current- carrying conductors.
Consider two identical straight conductors X
and Y carrying currents I
1
and I
2
with length L
are placed parallel to each other as shown
below.
The conductors
are in vacuum
and their
separation is d.
d
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
X
Y

1
B

2
B

P
12
F

21
F

Q
19.5 Forces between two parallel current- carrying conductors.
The magnitude of the magnetic flux density, B
1
at
point P on conductor Y due to the current in
conductor X is given by
d
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
X
Y

1
B

2
B

P
12
F

21
F

Q
Conductor Y
carries a current I
2

and in the magnetic
field B
1
then
conductor Y
experiences a
magnetic force, F
12
.
d 2
I
B
1 0
1
t

=
into the page
19.5 Forces between two parallel current- carrying conductors.
The magnitude of F
12
:

d
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
X
Y

1
B

2
B

P
12
F

21
F

Q
d
I
B
t

2
1 0
1
=
u sin = L I B F
2 1 12

90
2
2
1 0
12
sin = L I
d
I
F
t

90 = u
L I
d
I
F
2
1 0
12
2
=
t

to the left
(towards X)
The magnitude of F
21
:

u sin = L I B F
1 2 21
d
I
B
t

2
2 0
2
=

90
2
1
2 0
21
sin = L I
d
I
F
t

L I
d
I
F
1
2 0
21
2
=
t

to the right (towards Y)

d
L I I
F F F
t

2
2 1 0
21 12
= = =

Attractive force
The currents are in the same direction :
(2 conductors attract each other)
The currents are in the opposite direction :
(2 conductors repel each other)
Repulsive force
2
I
2
I
1
I
1
I
d
X
Y

21
F

12
F

1
B

P
2
B

Q
If the direction of current in conductor Y is changed
to upside down as shown below
19.5 Forces between two parallel current- carrying conductors.
d
L I I
F F F
t

2
2 1 0
21 12
= = =

19.5 Forces between two parallel current- carrying conductors.
d
L I I
F F F
t

2
2 1 0
21 12
= = =

Rearrange,
d
I I
L
F
t

2
2 1 0
=
If I
1
= I
2
= 1 A and d = 1 m , then
N/m 10 x 2
1 2
1 1 10 x 4
7 -
-7
=
) (
) )( (
=
L
F
L
F
t
t
Definition of 1 Ampere
19.5 Forces between two parallel current- carrying conductors.
One ampere is defined as the constant
current that, when it is flowing in each of
two infinitely long, straight, parallel
conductors which have negligible of cross
sectional areas and are 1.0 metre apart in
vacuum, would produce a force per
unit length between the conductors of
2.0 x 10
-7
N m
-1
.
Definition of 1 Ampere
19.5 Forces between two parallel current- carrying conductors.
Example 19.5.1
Two very long parallel wires are placed 2.0 cm
apart in air. Both wires carry a current of 8.0 A
and 10 A respectively. Find the magnitude of
the magnetic force in newton, on each metre
length of wire.
d 2
L I I
F
2 1 0
=
19.5 Forces between two parallel current- carrying conductors.
Exercise
1. Two long parallel wires are 5.0 cm apart. They
each exerts a force of attraction per unit length on
the other of 6 x 10
-7
Nm
-1
. The current in one
wire is 400 mA.
(i) Calculate the current in the second wire.
(ii) In which direction is the current in the second
wire, relative to the first ?
d
I I
L
F
t

2
2 1 0
=
* I
2
= 0.375 A (same direction)
19.6 Torque on a coil (1 hour)

Learning Outcomes :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to ;

(i) Use torque, where N = number of
turns.
(ii) Explain the working principles of a moving coil
galvanometer.
B A NI = t
19.6 Torque on a coil.
Consider a
rectangular loop
with length a and
width b is pivoted
so that it can
rotate about a
vertical axis
(shown in figure)
which is at right
angle to a uniform
magnetic field of
flux density B.
Axis of rotation
Top view
19.6 Torque on a coil.
When a steady
current I passes
round the coil, a
magnetic force acts
on each side of the
coil.
No magnetic
forces act on sides
1 and 3 because
these wires are
parallel to the field.
Axis of rotation
Top view
The two magnetic
forces on sides 2
and 4 each of
length a are equal
and opposite and
have the value F
where,
F
2
= F
4
= BI L = BI a
The forces
exerted a torque
that tends to rotate
the coil clockwise.
19.6 Torque on a coil.
Side view
19.6 Torque on a coil.
The magnitude of
this torque for each
side is
turns N
for sin
sin
sin
) sin
2
( ) sin
2
(
sin
2
sin
2
4 2
u t
u t
u t
u u t
u u t
t
NBIA
BIA
BIab
b
BIa
b
BIa
b
F
b
F
Fd
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
=
ab=A (area of the coil)
= angle between B and
the normal to plane of the coil
B A NI = t
19.6 Torque on a coil.
A 20 turns rectangular coil with sides 6.0 cm
x 4.0 cm is placed vertically in a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 1.0 T.
If the current flows in the coil is 5.0 A,
determine the torque acting on the coil when
the plane of the coil is
(a) perpendicular to the field,
(b) parallel to the field,
(c) at 60 to the field.

Example 19.6.1
19.6 Torque on a coil.
Solution 19.6.1
N = 20 turns, A = 24 x 10
-4
m
2
,
B = 1.0 T, I = 5.0 A
B

90 = u
B

90 = u
B

30 = u

60 = o
u sin = NABI
(a)
(b)
(c)
0 = m N 24 0. =
m N 12 0. =
19.6 Torque on a coil.
Exercise


1. A rectangular loop of wire has an area of
0.30 m
2
. The plane of the loop makes an
angle of 30
o
with a 0.75 T magnetic field.
What is the torque on the loop if the current
is 7.0 A ?
Solution
u sin NABI =
B

60 = u

30 = o
m N 36 . 1 = t
19.6 Torque on a coil.
Exercise
2. Calculate the magnetic flux density
required to give a coil of 100 turns a torque
of 0.5 Nm when its plane is parallel to the
field. The dimension of each turn is 84 cm
2
,
and the current is 9.0 A.
u sin = NABI
Solution
o
90 = u
mT 1 . 66 = B
19.6 Torque on a coil.
A moving coil galvanometer
Structure of a moving-coil galvanometer
Structure of a moving-coil galvanometer
19.6 Torque on a coil.
A moving coil galvanometer
The galvanometer is the main component in
analog meters for measuring current and
voltage.

It consists of a magnet, a coil of wire, a
spring, a pointer and a calibrated scale.
19.6 Torque on a coil.
A moving coil galvanometer
The coil of wire contains many turns and is
wrapped around a soft iron cylinder.

The coil is pivoted in a radial magnetic field,
so that no matter what position it turns, the
plane of the coil is always parallel to the
magnetic field.
19.6 Torque on a coil.
A moving coil galvanometer
When there is a current in the coil, the coil
rotates in response to the torque ( = NABI )
applied by the magnet.

This causes the pointer ( attached to the
coil) to move in relation to the scale.
The basic operation of the galvanometer
uses the fact that a torque acts on a current
loop in the presence of a magnetic field.
19.6 Torque on a coil.
A moving coil galvanometer
The torque experienced by the coil is
proportional to the current in it; the larger the
current, the greater the torque and the more
the coil rotates before the spring tightens
enough to stop the rotation.

Hence, the deflection of the pointer attached
to the coil is proportional to the current.

The coil stops rotating when this torque is
balanced by the restoring torque of the spring.
19.6 Torque on a coil.
A moving coil galvanometer
( )
constant) (torsional
spring the of constant stiffness the is where


torque restoring force magnetic to due Torque
s
k
NAB
k
I
k NABI
u
u
t
=
=
=
The coil stops rotating when this torque is
balanced by the restoring torque of the spring.
From this equation, the current I can be
calculated by measuring the angle .
coil the of angle rotation :
radian in
19.6 Torque on a coil.
This working principles of a moving coil
galvanometer also used in voltmeter
(multiplier), ammeter (shunt) , ohmmeter
and multimeter.
Exercise

1. The moving coil of a galvanometer has 100
turns and an area of 1.5 x 10
-4
m
2
. It is
suspended by a wire with a torsional constant
of 2.6 x 10
-8
Nm rad
-1
. The coil is placed in a
radial magnetic field of 0.1 T. Calculate the
current flowing in the coil if a deflection of 1.2
rad is observed.
( I = 2.08 x 10
-5
A )

19.7 Motion of charged particle in
magnetic field and electric field (1hour)

Learning Outcomes :
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to ;

(i) Explain the motion of a charged particle in both
magnetic field and electric field.
(ii) Derive and use velocity, in a velocity
selector.
B
E
v =
19.7 Motion of charged particle in
magnetic field and electric field
Consider a charged particle +q moves with
a velocity v in combined electric and
magnetic fields (the electric and magnetic
fields are perpendicular), the particle
experiences no resultant force ( a = 0).
The particle will continue to move in the
same direction with the same velocity.
For this to happen, the electric force
downward must balance the magnetic force
upwards (refer diagram),
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
B
E
v
Bqv qE
F F
B E
=
= =
=
o
90 , u
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x x x x x
+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
+ +
v
v
F
E

F
B

u sin = Bqv F
B
Velocity Selector
A velocity selector uses this property of
crossed electric and magnetic fields to
select a single velocity of particle; only
particles traveling at this velocity will be
undeflected.
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
Velocity selector
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
Example 19.7.1
What is the velocity of protons (+1 e)
injected through a velocity selector if
E = 3 x 10
5
V/m and B = 0.25 T ?
Solution
= 1.20 x 10
6
m/s
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
Exercise
1. A velocity selector is to be constructed
to select ions (positive) moving to the right
at 6.0 km/s. The electric field is 300 Vm
-1

upwards. What should be the magnitude
and direction of the magnetic field?
Solution
page of out T, 05 . 0 = =
v
E
B
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
When the magnetic field only is applied,
the particle moves in an arc of a circle of
radius r under the action of the centrally-
directed magnetic,
r B
E
m
q
B
E
v
r
mv
Bqv
F F
c B
2
2
but
=
= =
=
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
Both E and
B are
applied
Only B
is
applied
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
A mass spectrometer is a device used for
separating atoms or molecules according
to their mass.
The atoms or molecules are ionized and
then accelerated through an electric field,
giving them a speed which depends on
their mass (their kinetic energies are all
the same).
Then they enter a region of uniform
magnetic field, which bends them in a
circular path.
A mass spectrometer
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field
The radius of the path depends on the
momentum of the particle; if the kinetic
energies are the same and the masses
are different, the momentum will be
different as well.

A detector can be placed to detect
particles whose path has a particular
radius, thereby selecting a particular mass.
A mass spectrometer
A mass spectrometer
19.7 Motion of charged particle in magnetic field and electric field