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Coverage: 1. Electron Configurations. 2. Lewis Structures 3. Covalent and Ionic bonds 4. Atomic and Molecular Orbitals 5. Hybridization
Goals:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 6. 7. Write the electron configuration for any element in the periodic table. Write Lewis line bond structures for simple organic molecules. Know how to calculate formal charges on atoms. Know the definitions of a sigma and pi bonds. Draw energy diagrams for formation of pi and sigma bonds. Predict the number of sigma and pi bonds in a molecule. Predict the hybridization of an atom in a molecule. Predict the approximate bond angles in a molecule.
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Linus Pauling 1901-1994 Nobel Prize Chemistry 1954 Nobel Prize Peace 1963 Both independently recogized that carbon atoms link together to form carbon chains. Kekule proposes that carbon is tetravalent
Lewis Structures
1. The first step in drawing Lewis structures is to determine the number of electrons to be used to connect the atoms. This is done by simply adding up the number of valence electrons of the atoms in the molecule. Consider carbon dioxide CO2 Carbon (C) has four valence electrons x 1 carbon = 4 eOxygen (O) has six valence electrons x 2 oxygens = 12 eThere are a total of 16 e- to be placed in the Lewis structure. 2. Connect the central atom to the other atoms in the molecule with single bonds. Carbon is the central atom, the two oxygens are bound to it and electrons are added to fulfill the octets of the outer atoms. 3. Complete the valence shell of the outer atoms in the molecule.
4. Place any remaining electrons on the central atom. There are no more electrons available in this example. o If the valence shell of the central atom is complete, you have drawn an acceptable Lewis structure. Carbon is electron deficient - it only has four electrons around it. This is not an acceptable Lewis structure. o If the valence shell of the central atom is not complete, use a lone pair on one of the outer atoms to form a double bond between that outer atom and the central atom. Continue this process of making multiple bonds between the outer atoms and the central atom until the valence shell of the central atom is complete. becomes
5. Double check to make sure that you have used the correct number of electrons in the Lewis structure and that no atom that cannot exceed its valence shell, does not. The best Lewis structure that can be drawn for carbon dioxide is:
Formal Charge
Formal charge is an accounting procedure. It allows chemists to determine the location of charge in a molecule as well as compare how good a Lewis structure might be. The formula for calculating formal charge is shown below:
Consider the molecule H2CO2. There are two possible Lewis structures for this molecule. Each has the same number of bonds. We can determine which is better by determining which has the least formal charge. It takes energy to get a separation of charge in the molecule (as indicated by the formal charge) so the structure with the least formal charge should be lower in energy and thereby be the better Lewis structure.
The two possible Lewis structures are shown below. They are connected by a double headed arrow and placed in brackets. The nonzero formal charge on any atoms in the molecule have been written near the atom.
1s
2s
2p
+
Electron Density
1s orbital
9
Node
10
3.
11
H2 Molecule
+ s*
. .
Antibonding MO
+ or Energy
+ or -
.
1s AO
.
1s AO
+ s
+
In the Ground State, the Bonding MO has two electrons
. .
Bonding MO
12
13
Sigma Bond (s) covalent bond that is symmetric about the bond axis.
14
Pi (p) Bond
p*
. .
Antibonding MO
Energy
.
2p AO
.
2p AO
Pi (p) Bond
Acetylene
sp
2
H C C H
180o
__ __ __ p __ s
D:\rw32b2a.exe
promote e-
__ __ __ __
Mix orbitals
__ __ p __ __ sp hydrid
17
sp
sp
Remember, there are two p orbitals leftover and these would be located on the y and z axes.
Two sp orbitals
18
z y
D:\rw32b2a.exe
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Ethylene
H C C H
sp2 sp2
H 116.6o H
121.7o
__ __ __ p __ s
Promote e-
__ __ __ __
Mix orbitals
__ p __ __ __ sp2 hydrid
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sp2 Hybridization
2p
There is one p orbital left over, and it would be along the z axis.
3 sp2 orbitals
21
D:\rw32b2a.exe
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Methane
H H
sp3
C H
H 109.50
The carbon atom is sp3 hybridized to obtain tetrahedral geometry. All bond angles are equal at 109.50.
__ __ __ p
Promote e-
__ __ __ __
Mix orbitals
__ s
__ __ __ __sp3
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3 p
D:\rw32b2a.exe
4 sp3 orbitals
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If X + E = 2 then hybridization is sp. System Hybridization AX2 AXE sp sp Example CO2 CO Lewis Structure :O=C=O:
+ :C O :
:O : C H
: N C H H
H
H
AX2E
sp2
H2C=NH
AXE2
sp2
H2C=O
:O : C H H
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AX4
sp3
CH4
H H C N
AX3E sp3 CH3NH2
H H
AX2E2
sp3
CH3OCH3
H .. H H C O C H .. H H
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