Pseuodorandum codes

P K Divakaran

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Pseudorandom codes (PN
codes)
 PN code
– Random numbers generated by a deterministic
process
– Generated by Shift registers and XOR gates

– Length of the code = 2 n-1 where n= number

of shift registers

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Autocorrelation of PN code
 Autocorrelation is the measure of correlation
between a code and the time shifted version of the
same code.
 Time shifted versions of the same PN code have
very little correlation
 The separation of the users (mobiles) in the
Reverse link ( Uplink) is done by assigning time
shifted versions(based on ESN) of Long PN codes
.
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 Masking
 Timeshift of PN codes are carried out by
“Masking”.

 Different “Masks” result in different Time

shifts

 Electronic Serial Number (ESN) of a

mobile ( like IMEI in GSM) is used for
‘Masking”
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
PN Codes used in CDMA One
(IS 95 )
42
 One Long PN code ( 2 - 1)
– Repeats every 41 days at a clock rate of 1.2288
Mchips/s
– Used for spreading & scrambling of channels at
Base Station (Forward channels)
– Used for separation of channels by Mobiles
with time shifted PN (Reverse channels)

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

PN Codes used in CDMA One
(IS 95 )
 Two 15
Short Codes (2 - 1)
– Used for I & Q quadrature spreading
– Unique offsets ( Time shifts) identify a Cell or
Sector ( The same Walsh codes can therefore
be used in ALL sectors or cells)
– Clock rate 1.2288 Mchips/s

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

CDMA One Channel Concepts

P K Divakaran

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 CDMA Channels
 Physical Channels
– Defined in terms of a Radio Frequency Carrier
& a Code sequence
 Logical
Channels (mapped onto Physical
channels)
– Control Channels
– Traffic Channels

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Control Channels
Control ch.

Forward link. Reverse link.

pilot Sync Paging Access

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Traffic Channels
Traffic ch.
Rate 1 9.6kbps
Rate 2 4.8 kbps
Rate 3 2.4 kbps
Rate 4 1.2kbps

Speech or Data. Associated

Signalling.

1 1/2 1/4

Rate 1/8
Depending on voice Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
Forward Link Channels (Base
Station to Mobile)
 Control Channels
– Pilot Channel
 A Reference for all Mobile stations in the Cell to be

used in the Demodulation process

 Signal level higher than Traffic channels at

CONSTANT value
 Pilot signal used for signal strength comparison

between Base stations for “handoff” between Cells

 Always assigned Walsh code W0 ( 000000…….)

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Pilot Channel Generation
1.2288 Mcps I Pilot PN
1.2288 +
0000 Mchips/s To QPSK
+ Modulator
+
Walsh code W0
Q Pilot PN
1.2288 Mcps

Pilot signal from all Base stations use the same PN sequence but
are identified by a time offset of 64 chips

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Sync Channel
 Sync channel is used (by Mobiles) with Pilot channel to
acquire the initial time synchronisation
 Always assigned Walsh code W32
 Contains info such as, Network identifier, Pilot short PN
offset (64 chips offset) to identify Base station for the cell,
System time, Long code synchronisation info etc
 Long code sync info. ensures that PN long code generators
at both base station and Mobiles are aligned
 Chip rate on the Pilot Ch. & on all freq carriers is locked to
a precise system time by using GPS. (Global positioning
System)

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Sync Channel Generation I Pilot PN
1.2288
Walsh mcps
Sync 2.4 4.8 +
W32
Ch. msg kbps kbps
+ Tp
1.2kbps QPSK
Convolution Symbol Block Mod.
Coder 1/2 repetition interleaver +
1.2288
Q Pilot
Mcps
PN
1.2288
Mcps

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Paging Channel
 To alert the mobile
 To respond to an “Access request “ message from
mobile
 To convey system info and instruction to mobile
 Walsh codes W1 to W7 used
 For SMS to mobile
 Info content
– Base station identifier
– Neighbouring Base station parameters (For handoff)
– CDMA channel assignment message (Freq. & Code )
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 Reverse Control channel-
Access Channel
 Used by Mobile to Transmit control info to
Base station
 For Location Registration of the mobile
with the Network
 Also used to respond to a Paging message
 To originate a call from mobile
 For Authentication

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Access Channel Generation
14.4kbps Interleaver 64 ary Ortho +
modulator
4.8kbps Convl. Sym
+ I Ch PN
coder repetiton sequence(No
28.8ksps 1.2288
+ offset)
mcps
Access Q channel
Channel Long code generator PN sequenc
Mask 1.2288
Mcps (No
For every SIX bit output of interleaver, a Walsh code offset)
64 bit long is output by 64 ary Ortho Modulator.

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Reverse Traffic Channel
 Supports 4 different data rates 9.6 kbps, 4.8 kbps,
2.4 kbps, 1.2 kbps of user data depending on voice
activity (variable rate vocoder)
 Convolution coding for Forward Error correction
 Interleaving for spreading consecutive bits into
non consecutive bits before transmission to
counteract error bursts in the air interface
 64 ary Ortho Modulation as in ‘Access channel’
 Long code PN generator uses ESN mask of mobile
for unique identification
 Short PN codes (I &Q)
Copyright 2003do
P K not have any offset
Divakaran
 Reverse Traffic Channel
 Carries traffic as well as some Signalling
info
– Pilot strength measurement when mobile is in
Traffic channel state (conversation state) to
assist in hand off
– Hand off completion
– Etc.

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Forward Traffic Channel
 Supports 4 data rates as in the case of Reverse
Traffic channel based on Voice activity with
Variable rate vocoder
 Convolution coding done for FEC
 Interleaving done as in the case of Reverse traffic
channel
 Long PN code generator uses ESN mask of mobile
to identify the forward traffic channel to a
particular mobile
 Short PN codes (I & Q) has PN offset identifying
the Base station Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran
 Forward Traffic Channel
(FTC)
 Powercontrol subchannel is included in the
FTC for mobile power control

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Forward Traffic Channel
 Carries traffic as well as some signalling
info
– Handoff direction
– Power control
etc

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Mobile Identity Numbers
 IMSI (15 digits) --International Mobile
Subscriber Identity
– Consists of MCC (3 digits), MNC, MSIN
 TMSI assigned by VLR to protect
confidentiality of IMSI
 ESN- Electronic Serial Number (32 bit
binary number) uniquely identifying the
mobile

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 ESN
 Set in the factory by mobile manufacturer
 Not alterable in the field
 Very important since used for “masking”
Forward & Return Traffic channel Long
PN code for a mobile for unique
identification

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

CDMA IS 95 Traffic cases

P K Divakaran

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Traffic States of a Mobile
On Power up….
 1-System initialisation state
– Acquires pilot channel tuning to strongest
signal of PN I & PN Q possibilities
– Sync channel acquired. Gets all system info
 2-Idle state
– Acquires Paging channel and monitors it
– Mobile receives info to initiate or receive a call

Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran

 Traffic States of a Mobile
 3- Access State
– To initiate a call mobile accesses the Access
channel and sends info to the System and
receives response on the Paging channel
 4- Traffic channel state
– Traffic channels assigned in both directions &
communications on.
– Associated signalling messages also sent on
Traffic channel (by “stealing” speech packet)
Copyright 2003 P K Divakaran