Reactor Physics and Nuclear Data: Kitada Takanori Osaka University

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Reactor Physics and Nuclear Data

Kitada Takanori
Osaka University
Dec, 2011
2 Copyright 2011 Japanese University Network All Rights Reserved
Biography
1968. 1 birth in Osaka
1974. 4 elementary school
1980. 4 junior high school
1983. 4 high school
1986. 4 Osaka university
Division of nuclear engineering
1990. 4 graduate school of Osaka university
@ reactor physics labo.
1994. 4 assistant prof. of Osaka university

2008. 7 associate prof. of Osaka university
1997.12 marriage

2011.12 two sons (elementary school)
tokyo
osaka
Contents
1. Nuclear Reactions & Nuclear Data
2. Nuclear materials & Reactor Types
3. Neutron Multiplication Factor & Criticality
4. Lets evaluate (simulate) !
5. Reactivity & Reactor Control
There are many questions in this lecture.
Lets exercise at this lecture !
Nuclear Reactions & Nuclear Data
Nuclear Reactions with Neutron
Incident Neutron
Target
Nucleus
Compound
Nucleus
, , , p
Radiative Capture
Radioactive Decay
Scattered Neutron
Excited Nucleus
Inelastic Scattering
Absorption
Scattering
Scattered Neutron
Ground State
Elastic Scattering
Fission Fragment
Nuclear Fission
Fission Neutron
Nuclear Reaction Cross Section (XS) :
1
H
constant
elastic (potential ) XS
1/v thermal
absorption XS
Cross sections depend on incident neutron energy.
Unit is barn
1[barn] = 10
-24
[cm
2
]
barn :
large farm building for
storing grain

john :
toilet (especially for men)
#John is the name of
researcher in nuclear data
measurement
Nuclear Reaction Cross Section (XS) :
235
U
1/v thermal
absorption
constant
el
resolved
resonance
unresolved
resonance
many resonances
It seems no resonances,
but there too many.
Each resonances can not
be measured separately.
Question?
Why are there many resonance for uranium and not for hydrogen ?
Because,
there are many (meta-stable) energy levels of compound nucleus for uranium,
similar to excitation energy levels of electron for atom.
Excitation Energy
of compound nucleus
(Taken from Weston M. Stacy, Nuclear Reactor Physics)
Capture Reaction
238
U (n,)
10
B (n,)
Many nuclides have 1/v behavior for capture (absorption).
resonance shape is symmetrical in energy
Important for control material(control rod) and fertile (
238
U,
232
Th).
238
U (n,)
239
U
-
:23m

239
Np
-
:2.4d

239
Pu
232
Th (n,)
233
Th
-
:22m

233
Pa
-
:27d

233
U
fertile to fissile
, , , p
Radioactive Decay
:24000y

:160000y

Fission Reaction : fissile & fertile (threshold)
Major fissionable isotopes are
235
U and
239
Pu, however
238
U is also fissionable.
235
U
239
Pu
238
U
Threshold (1MeV)
for
238
U fission
Question?
Why is a threshold energy observed only for
238
U fission, not for
235
U and
239
Pu fission ?
Question?
Why is a threshold energy observed only for
238
U fission, not for
235
U and
239
Pu fission?
Because,
fission barrier is to deform the compound nucleus, and even number of neutron and
proton in compound nucleus tends to cause deformation (fission).

238
U needs extra energy from incident neutron (1MeV) to cause fission.
234
U
236
U
238
U
235
U
237
U
239
U
239
Pu
241
Pu
243
Pu
240
Pu
242
Pu
atomic mass
f
i
s
s
i
o
n

b
a
r
r
i
e
r

[
M
e
V
]

1
n=1.0087[u]
235
U : 235.0439[u] ,
236
U : 236.0456[u]
238
U : 238.0508[u] ,
239
U : 239.0543[u]
1[u] 930[MeV]

235
U (n,f) :
235
U +
1
n
236
U
m = (235.0439+1.0087)-236.0456 = 0.0070[u]
6.51[MeV] > fission barrier of
236
U:5.6[MeV]
thermal N. can cause fission reaction to
235
U.

238
U(n,f) :
238
U +
1
n
239
U
m = (238.0508+1.0087)-239.0543 = 0.0052[u]
4.84[MeV] < fission barrier of
239
U:6.3[MeV]
Extra kinetic energy of N. is necessary to cause fission reaction
238
U.
fission barrier is a potential energy
to overcome nucleus deformation.
(Taken from Cryiel Wagemans, The nuclear fission process)
Spontaneous fission
by tunnel effect
Spontaneous Fission
isomer
meta-stable
T
1/2
branch ratio
232
Th 1.4x10
10
y SF-0%, -100%
235
U 7.0x10
8
y SF-0%, -100%
238
U 4.5x10
9
y SF-0.00005%, -100%
243
Am 7.4x10
3
y SF-0%, -100%
244
Cm 1.8x10
1
y SF-0.00013%, -100%
246
Cm 4.7x10
3
y SF-0.03%, -99.97%
252
Cf 2.645 y SF-3%, -97%
used as neutron source
ex. Am-Be, Ra-Be,
Fission Reaction : released energy
Average energy released by a fission is 200 [MeV]. ( 1 [MeV] = 1.6x10
-13
[J] )
What is the amount of energy released by fission from 1[g]-
235
U ?
1[g]-
235
U corresponds to 2.5x10
21
[atoms] 8x10
10
[J] 1[MWd].
This is mostly equivalent to combustion energy of 2000[litter] gasoline.
Fission Chain Reaction
Fission reaction releases a few neutrons (2.4 in average
235
U thermal fission).
Neutron acts as chain carrier.
Fission Reaction : neutron energy
Average kinetic energy of emitted neutrons is 2 [MeV].
Fission reaction is likely to occur at thermal energy range (ex. LWR).
thermal means neutron energy is in equilibrium state with material thermal motion.
0.025 [eV] is used as representative of thermal energy.
slowing down
moderation
Scattering Reaction : slowing down
elastic
inelastic
238
U
constant
threshold
Question?
What is the best material to moderate neutrons ?
Moderation of fission neutrons & reflection of neutrons are caused by scattering reaction.
Resonance shape of elastic scattering is not symmetrical in energy
due to quantum interference effect in scattering.
Question?
What is the best material to moderate neutrons ?
Moderating power depends on its mass of target nucleus,
neutron can stop by one collision with proton (
1
H), as easily imagine when playing billiards.
Probability from E to E is formulated as
neutron
et t
m
M
A
A
A
E
E E f
arg
2
,
1
1
,
) 1 (
1
) ' ( =
|
.
|
\
|
+
= o
o
1
H has the best moderation power (), and
H
2
O is used as moderator material.

However best moderator is to be selected
by considering the magnitude of
a
.
D
2
O has the best moderating ratio (
s
/
a
),
and shows best performance to neutron
thermalization.
Nuclear Materials & Reactor Types
What materials are required
in nuclear reactor?
1, Nuclear Fuel
4, Coolant
5, Control
7, Reflector (Shielding)
6, Structure
3, Moderator
2, Cladding
Ooi NPP (PWR, Fukui-Prefecture) of
Kansai Electric Power CO.
Full power is 471GWe by 4 unit.
1, Nuclear Fuel
must be fissionable material and emit a few neutrons for fission chain reactions.
Natural resources of fissionable isotope is only
235
U.
Contents of
235
U is only 0.7 wt% in natural uranium.
(
238
U,
232
Th can be converted to fissionable isotopes.)
high melting point to prevent fuel melting
Uranium dioxide(UO
2
), Uranium nitride(UN), Uranium metal(U)
good thermal conductivity
high resistance to radiation exposure
high resistance to thermal cycles during power operations
3, Moderator
high moderation power ()
Light water (H
2
O), Heavy water (D
2
O), Graphite(C),
high moderation ratio (
s
/
a
)
4, Coolant
Light water (H
2
O), Heavy water (D
2
O), Carbon dioxide(CO
2
), Helium(He)
small radiative capture cross section
small density to circulate
Nuclear Reactor Type
Usually categorized by moderator and coolant materials.
Moderator Coolant Fuel
H
2
O H
2
O UO
2
Low enriched (3-5wt%)

Light Water Reactor
(PWR, BWR, VVER, EPR,..)
Reactor Type
D
2
O D
2
O UO
2
Natural (0.7 wt%)

Heavy Water Reactor
(CANDU)
C
Graphite
H
2
O UO
2
Low enriched (3wt%)

Light Water cooled Graphite
moderated Reactor
(RBMK)
mainstream
He
High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor
(VHTR, HTGR)
-------
Na
Pb-Bi
(U,Pu)O
2
Pu-t enrich (20 wt%)

Liquid Metal Fast Reactor
(SFR, LFR)
C
Graphite
UO
2
Low enriched

Generation IV
Taken from http://www.gen-4.org/images/flash/intro/index.html
Fukushima
under developing
constructing
In addition to experiments, simulations are essential to develop new reactor types.
2, Cladding, Structure
Zircaloy (Zr alloy),
Stainless steel(Fe alloy) ,
Inconel (Ni alloy),
Aluminum,
sufficient mechanical strength
small radiative capture cross section
high resistance to radiation exposure
high resistance to corrosion by coolant
Fuel assembly
Fuel rod
Fuel pellet
Cladding
Cladding & structure materials are developing for further safety, efficiency, economy,
Neutron Multiplication Factor
&
Criticality
I
n
v
e
r
s
e

c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

# of fuel plate criticality
Question?
What is the most important neutronic parameter ?
to maintain power operation ,
to maintain fission chain reaction ,
Neutron multiplication factor : k
k can be understood as the product of six factors,
by considering neutron lifetime in one neutron generation in LWR.
Generation in Fission Chain Reaction (LWR)
neutron produced by thermal fission (assumed to be 1)

1
increased by fast fission (
238
U,)

non-leakage probability in fast energy range

P
F

resonance escape probability from fast to thermal energy range

P
F
p
non-leakage probability in thermal energy range

P
F
p P
T

ratio of fuel absorption to all absorption (fuel, clad, H
2
O)
P
F
p P
T
f
ratio of fission to fuel absorption reaction (
f
/
a
),
number of produced neutron in one fission reaction ()
P
F
p P
T
f
fast neutron

thermal neutron
(<1eV)
Neutron multiplication factor is expressed as the product of 6 factors :
k = p f P
F
P
T
# of neutron
next
generation
Two Neutron Multiplication Factors : k
, k
eff
There are two kinds of neutron multiplication factor:
Infinite neutron multiplication factor (k
inf
, k
)
is for an infinite size of reactor,
therefore there is no leakage of neutron.
k
inf
= p f

Effective neutron multiplication factor (k
eff
)
is for a finite size of reactor,
therefore there is leakage of neutron.
Imaginary, but useful to compare the performance of fuel cells & assemblies
k
eff
= p f P
F
P
T
In a real reactor, neutron leakage is un-avoidable. P
F
<1, P
T
<1

k
inf
k
eff
Criticality
Criticality : One neutron, on average, survives to cause another fission.
sustainable fission chain reaction without increasing and decreasing
the number of neutron.
k
eff
= 1

Sub-criticality : Less than one neutron, on average, survives to cause another fission.
decreasing # of neutron through fission chain reaction
k
eff
< 1

Super-criticality : More than one neutron, on average, survives to cause another fission.
increasing # of neutron through fission chain reaction
k
eff
> 1

Question?
How to get criticality from sub-critical reactor ?
(there are several approaches towards criticality)
Question?
How to get criticality from sub-critical reactor ?
(there are several approaches towards criticality)
Sub-criticality will be caused by
a) small amount of fuel material
b) large amount of control material
c) small amount of reflector material
Approach to criticality is done by
a) increasing fuel material
(# of fuel assembly, )
b) withdrawal of control rod,
dilution of boric acid density
c) increasing water level
(mainly used in critical experiment facility)
with careful CPS measurements of several chambers.
I
n
v
e
r
s
e

c
o
u
n
t

r
a
t
e

# of fuel plate criticality
Question?
Which factors ( p f P
F
P
T
) are changing in a),b),c)?
a) increasing fuel material (# of fuel assembly, )
Increase in reactor size causes decrease of neutron leakage.
P
F
, P
T
(non-leakage probability) is increasing.
b) withdrawal of control rod, dilution of boric acid density
absorption reaction is mainly occurred in thermal energy range.
f (ratio of fuel absorption to all absorption) is increasing.
c) increasing water level (mainly used in critical experiment facility)
reflector is used to return leaked neutron to reactor .
P
F
, P
T
(non-leakage probability) is increasing.
Other parameters(,p,) are mainly related to fuel composition (ex.
235
U enrichment),
and not easy to change in the experiment of approach to criticality.
(increased by fast fission)
p (resonance escape probability from fast to thermal energy range)
(
f
/
a
(fuel))
Lets evaluate (simulate) !
view from un-covered
pressure vessel
How to evaluate (simulate) ?
Various approximations are introduced into above equation.
by solving Neutron Transport Equation (Boltzmann equation) in steady state,
(looks like very complicated, but very easy to understand)
} } }
O
O E + O O O E
= O E + O - O
' ' '
) ' , ' , ( ) ' , ( ) (
4
1
) ' , ' , ( ) ' , ' , (
) , , ( ) , ( ) , , (
E r E r E
k
E r E E r
E r E r E r grad
E
f
eff E
S
t
v _
t

LHS -1; streaming term : decreasing neutron # by neutron flight at position : r.
LHS-2 ; collision term : decreasing neutron # by collision
RHS -1; scattering term : increasing neutron # by scattering reaction
RHS-2 ; fission term : increasing neutron # by fission reaction
and divided by k
eff
to balance disappearance and production neutron #,
so as to evaluate not only k
eff
=1 but also k
eff
1.
) , , ( E r O shows neutron flux(number) at position : r, direction : , and energy : E
X
E shows # of reaction for reaction type X. (X = t : total, s:scattering, f : fission)
) (E _ shows fission spectrum
Various approximations to the Equation
Energy range (20[MeV] 0.001 [eV] )
Energy groups (ex. one-, two-group)
neutron energy range is subdivided into energy groups.
(energy condensation, energy collapse, energy homogenization)
Heterogeneous configuration
Homogenized region
fuel cell / fuel assembly is homogenized to one region.
Neutron transport phenomenon
Neutron diffusion phenomenon
neutrons diffuse from high to low neutron density area.
Ficks law : diffusion coefficient is introduced.
One-group Neutron Diffusion Eq.
LHS -1 : decreasing # of neutron by leakage from the reactor
LHS -2 : decreasing # of neutron by absorption reaction
RHS -1 : producing # of neutron by fission reaction
) (
1
) ( ) (
2
r
k
r r D
f
eff
a
v E = E + V
All regions are homogenized to one, energy is collapsed to one, and diffusion
approximation is introduced.
D shows diffusion coefficient (1/3
t
)
(1)
determined by material
0 ) ( ) (
2 2
= + V r B r
m

(2)
Equation (1) can be converted into Eq. (2), if k
eff
=1:critical.
D
B
a f
m
E E
=
v
2 2
m
B
is called as material bucking
Neutron flux distribution can be obtained by solving Eq. (2) in critical state.
Lets solve
In case of rectangular parallelepiped,
0 ) ( ) (
2 2
= + V r B r
m

a
b
c
with B.C. : = 0 at boundary !
2
V

2
2
2
2
2
2
z y x c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z y x r
Z Y X

2
,
2
,
2
,
2
Z m Y m X m m
B B B B + +
( ) 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0 ) ( ) (
2
,
2
,
2
,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
= + + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + V
z y x B B B z y x
z y x
r B r
X X X Z m Y m X m X X X
m

... , cos ) (
,
t
t
a
B
a
x
A x
X m X X
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
You should keep in mind that
Reactor physics can give the shape but cant give the magnitude of !
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
z
b
y
a
x
A r
t t t
cos cos cos ) (
2 2 2
2
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
t t t
c b a
B
m

Criticality Condition : Geometrical Buckling
Remind that
a
b
c
D
B
a f
m
E E
=
v
2
determined by material XS.
Consideration of B.C. in rectangular body,
specified by a geometry solved.
2 2 2
2
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
t t t
c b a
B
m
inconsistency ?
0 ) ( ) (
2 2
= + V r B r
g

Because, we solve the Eq. in critical (k
eff
=1).
2
g
B
: geometrical bucking, specified by a geometry
in other words, neutron diffusion Eq. can be expressed as
with B.C. : = 0 at boundary.
Criticality is satisfied when , equivalent to .
2 2
m g
B B =
Criticality condition
1
2
=
+ E
E
g a
f
DB
v
Geometrical Bucking in Cylindrical Reactor
H
R : radius
2
V

2
2
1
z r
r
r r c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
) ( ) ( 0 ) ( ) (
1
0
2
,
r J A r r B r
r
r
r r
R R g
= = +
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c

J
0
(r) is the Bessel function of the first kind
2 2
2
,
2
,
2
405 . 2
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
= + =
H R
B B B
Z g R g g
t
2.405 is the first zero of J
0
(r).
R-direction
Z-direction
|
.
|
\
|
= = +
c
c
H
z
A z z B z
z
Z Z Z Z g Z
t
cos ) ( 0 ) ( ) (
2
,
2
2
Lets determine H in cylindrical critical reactor !
H
R : radius
R = 100 [cm]D = 1 [cm],
a
= 0.0405 [/cm],
f
= 0.0415 [/cm]
Criticality condition:
D H R
a f
E E
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
v
t
2 2
405 . 2
2 2
m g
B B =

001 . 0
1
0415 . 0 0415 . 0
2
=
=
m
B
0205 . 0
100
405 . 2
001 . 0
2
~
|
.
|
\
|
=
H
t
] [ 150 cm H ~
Material bucking is evaluated as :
Considering critical condition
Solution is
Reactivity &
Reactor Control
Reactivity is the most important neutronic parameter
to control power operation ,
to control fission chain reaction ,
to control criticality ,
Reactivity :
eff
k
1
1 =
= 0 : criticality,
> 0 : super-criticality,
< 0 : sub-criticality
Reactivity shows the deviation from criticality (k
eff
=1).
Reactivity
Reactor Control
Reactivity is controlled by several ways/means in power reactor.
control rod,
burnable poison in fuel
chemical shim (PWR),
coolant/moderator flow rate (BWR),
time
power
= 0 > 0 = 0 < 0 = 0
Reactor power control requires positive or negative reactivity .
CR-out CR-in
CR-in CR-out
monthyear
instantaneous
Reactivity Feedback & Self-Regulating
> 0
Increase of
fission (power)
time
power
= 0 > 0 = 0
CR withdraw
Power increase will stop at the point without CR-in
where positive is cancelled out by feedback .
Increase of
fuel temp.
Increase of
238
U
resonance capture
Decrease of
fission (power)
< 0
Decrease of
mod. density
Decrease of
slowing down N
Doppler Feedback
Variation of
238
U resonance capture XS with temperature is called as doppler effect.
Incident N. energy
T
1
T
2
T
1
< T
2
Resonance shape is broadening as temperature becomes
high, (known as doppler broadening of XS)

Because,
stronger thermal motion causes larger deviation of incident
neutron energy at resonance energy.
E
0
vibration
E
0

Doppler broadening causes the change of XS,
reactivity change known as doppler feedback.
Doppler feedback is inherent and instantaneous reactivity feedback of nuclear fuel.
(less than 95wt%
235
U)
Neutron Generation Time
How fast the power changes ? depends on the time of one generation.
average time that one fission neutron causes subsequent another fission
is called as neutron generation time 1x10
-4
[s] in LWR
Question ?
Positive reactivity is added to critical core so as to be k
eff
= 1.0001.
What is power increase rate in one second by above N. generation time?
k
eff
shows the multiplication ratio in one generation 1x10
-4
[sec].
Power increase rate in one second is evaluated as (1.0001)
10000
.

This value is almost equivalent to

x
x
x
/ 1
0
) 1 ( lim +
... 718 . 2 , e =
However, the rate is about 1.001 for k
eff
= 1.0001 in real reactor.
because of the existence of delayed neutrons.
Un-controllable !
Prompt & Delayed Neutrons
Prompt neutron : released just after fission
Fission Fragment
neutron
Production yield of delayed N () to total # of fission N is small 0.6% (
235
U),
T
1/2
s are from 0.1[sec] to 55[sec] (usually lumped into 6 groups) .
Delayed neutron is released from radioactive decay of some FFs (called as precursor)
such as
8792
Br
35
,
137141
I
53
(neutron rich isotope).
Delayed neutron
Precursor
This slower neutron emission brings longer effective generation time 0.1[sec],
power increase rate becomes (1.0001)
10
1.001.
Delayed neutron is very important to control reactor.
Question ?
What happen when Control Rod is approaching to bare critical reactor ?
Answer
Critical reactor becomes supercritical, not subcritical.
( very dangerous situation will be caused )
reactor
k
eff
= p f P
F
P
T

Because,
There is no materials to have zero scattering XS, which reflects back leaked neutron
to reactor. Approaching of CR to bare reactor increases k
eff
by increasing P
F
, P
T
.

Bare reactor is very sensitive to the surroundings: fat man effect.
You should keep in mind especially to perform critical experiments.

Thats all of my lecture, however ,there are some slides ,
To advertise Osaka University : location
Osaka
Tokyo
Kyoto
Kyoto City
Kansai Airport
Divided into 4 campuses
History of Osaka University
1724 : Kai-Toku-Do ()
1838 : Teki-Juku()
1931 : Osaka Imperial University
Medicine, Science
1947 : Osaka University
Organization of Osaka University
Organization

11 Schools with 10 corresponding Graduate Schools
Letters, Human Sciences, Foreign Studies, law and Politics, Economics, Science,
Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Science, Engineering, Engineering Science
Research Institute (5)
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Research center for Nuclear Physics, Institute of Laser Engineering,

Faculties : 3000
Students : Undergraduates 16000
Graduates 8000
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(undergraduate 300, Graduate 1000, Research Students 500)

Organization : School of Engineering
There are 10 divisions.

Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology
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Personnel organization
faculties:500, undergraduates:4000, graduates,2500

There are 13 laboratories related to nuclear engineering in Osaka University.

Quantum System Engineering,
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Plasma & Quantum Energy Engineering
Medical Beam Physics
Energy & Environmental Materials

Our Division : Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering
Building in winter
Staffs : 3 ; Prof. Nakamura, Fatigue evaluation, Earthquake safety
Associate Prof. Kitada, Reactor physics, Nuclear data
Secretary(1)
Students : 15 ; Graduates (D1 (1), M2 (5), M1(5)) ,
Undergraduates (B4 (4))
Our Labo.
Super-high burnup fuel
70GWd/t, new burnable poison
Thorium-based reactor
XS validation (at KUCA)
Annihilation of HLW
transmutation of MA/FP in SF
Simulation techniques
acceleration by GMRES, GPU, MPI,
improvement of Monte-Carlo,
improvement of prediction accuracy,
(code development)
LMFBR (Sodium-cooled FBR) :
Core calculation code (3D MOC, FFCP, CC-MOC,)
Loading pattern optimization (GA, ACO, IA, SA,)
4S(Super-Safe Small & Simple, Toshiba)
validation of prediction accuracy
(Sensitivity analysis, XS co-variance)
etc.,
http://www.toshiba.co.jp/nuclearenergy/
english/business/4s/features.htm
Research Topics in our Labo.
Critical experiment at KUCA (KURRI)
Thank you for your patience.
cm ta !

Reactor Physics and Nuclear Data: Kitada Takanori Osaka University

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