Project Report

3D Lung Model
&
CT Simulator

Under Supervision of~

Prof.Benjamin B. Kimia

By:
Rahul Gautam
 How this began…

• The NIH Proposal 2003~

Model-based Tomographic Reconstruction of Vessel Networks
 Aims of the Proposal~

• Develop algorithms for the direct tomographic reconstruction

of pulmonary vessel networks based on a 3-d representation of
vessels and junctions

• Demonstrate the accuracy of the reconstructed network for

x-ray CT using manual segmentation as ground truth.
 Preparing the way~
• A search for good 3D Lung model...

Options?
....Many

Chose…
One of the best available…
 Our Choice…

‘A three-dimensional model of the human airway tree’

By~ Prof. Hiroko Kitaoka, Ryuji Takaki, and Béla Suki

 The Reason…

• This algorithm generates geometric

data of a three-dimensional human
airway tree whose morphometric
characteristics are in good
agreement with those reported in
the literature
 The basic Principle
• generation of the dimensions and
directionality of two daughter branches is
governed by the properties of the parent
branch and the region the parent supplies

• The terminal branches of the tree are

homogeneously arranged within the organ
 The Rules

• The algorithm is composed of nine

basic rules and four complementary
rules.
 Rules…
• ~ Branching is dichotomous.

• ~ The parent branch and its two daughter branches

lie in the same plane, called the branching plane.

• ~ The volumetric flow rate through the parent

branch is conserved after branching; that is, the
sum of the flows in the daughter branches is equal
to the flow in the parent branch.
 Rules…Continued
• ~The region supplied by a parent branch is divided
into two daughter regions by a plane called the
"space-dividing plane." The space-dividing plane is
perpendicular to the branching plane and extends
out to the border of the parent region
• ~ The flow-dividing ratio is set to be equal to the
volume-dividing ratio, defined as the ratio of the
volume of the smaller daughter region to that of
its parent.
 Rules … few more
• ~The length of each daughter branch is
assigned a value that is three times its
diameter

• If branching continues in a given direction, the

daughter branch becomes the new parent
branch, and the associated branching plane is
set perpendicular to the branching plane of
the old parent
 Just a few more…
• The branching process in a given
direction stops whenever the flow
rate becomes less than a specified
threshold or the branch extends
beyond its own region.

THAT’S IT
 So the first step…

• Applied the algorithm to generate

3D Lung data
The Result…
 Oops…A Problem
• Rough edges , abrupt at branching
points….
Unrealistic if used to model a lung
 The Solution…
Generate a Volumetric model,
…apply Gaussian Smoothing to it,

Use Marching cubes to extract

surface..
The Outcome…
 Breaking News…
• Brown Eyes now has… 3D Lung Model
Generator…
Mission 3D Lung Model…

…
Accomplished
 The Next Step…
Step

...Mission CT
• To obtain a CT Simulator…

that performs CT scan on virtual 3D

models and generate projection data
CT…????
CT~ Computed Tomography

(From Siemens)
(From Picker)
 CT is ~
the general process of transmitting
X-rays and creating cross-sectional
or tomographic images from
projections of the object at multiple
angles and using a computer for
image reconstruction
 Projection
measurement…
Exponential attenuation of X-
rays − µ∆x
Ni No
No = Nie
µ Ni: input intensity of X-ray
No: output intensity of X-ray
µ: linear X-ray attenuation
∆x
Ni No
µ µ µ − ( µ1 + µ 2 + µ 3 ) ∆ x
No = Nie
1 2 3
x

Attenuated
X-rays more
Ray-Sum of X-ray Attenuation
Ni No
µ
κ

∆x

Ray-sum Line integral

Ni ∞
Ni
∑ µ k ∆ x = ln ∫− ∞ µ ( x)dx = ln N o
k No
 Projection &
Sinogram
Projection: Sinogram:
All ray-sums in a direction All
y projections
θ
P(θ,t)
t
π
θ x

f(x,y)
X-rays t
Sinogram
Scanning modes
 First
Generation

One detector
Translation-rotation
Parallel-beam
 Second
Generation

Multiple detectors
Translation-rotation
Small fan-beam
 Third
Generation

Multiple detectors
Translation-rotation
Large fan-beam
 Fourth
Generation

Detector ring
Source-rotation
Large fan-beam
Spiral/Helical
Scanning

Simultaneous
•Source rotation
•Table translation
•Data acquisition
Cone-Beam
Geometry
Z

X
Back to the Problem…

..Mission CT
 Our Requirements...

• Cone Beam CT

• Should scan 3D phantom objects

• Close to a real CT scanner

Here we go again…
 Event:
.. Birth of CTSim

• Specifications
Resolution ….Variable
Magnification ….Variable
Spot size detector…. As desired
Spot size source…..point
No beam hardening
No Quantum noise
The Outcome….
 The Result…

Too good to be Real

 Keeping it Real….

Accounting for factors like…

~Photon statistics/quantum noise

~Spot size
~Beam Hardening
Quantum noise
 The Outcome…
• Background Noise Comparison…
Spot Size…Source
Outcome…
Sinograms…
 Finally what we have…
• CTSim has found its new home in Brown eyes
CTSim In action…
 The Road ahead…

Making CTSim more realistic by

including effects like beam
hardening.
Special thanks to these
great guys…
Amir

Vishal

Ming

Ozge
Last but not the least…

Prof. Benjamin B. Kimia for guiding me

all the way.
Easy questions Plz…
Thank You