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A carbon compound can be classified as: Organic carbon compound Inorganic carbon compound
3. Organic compounds are carbon compounds that are obtained from living things such as sugar, starch, protein, vitamin, enzyme etc. they are obtained from plants and animals.
4. Inorganic compounds are carbon compounds that are usually do not contain carbon to carbon bonds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) etc.
5. Most organic compounds contain the element carbon and hydrogen. 6. Complete combustion of organic compounds produces carbon dioxide and water. 7. Incomplete combustion of organic compound produces mixture of carbon, C, carbon monoxide, CO or CO2 and water.
HYDROCARBONS 1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon, C and hydrogen, H. 2. Hydrocarbons are classified into two groups: saturated hydrocarbons *contain only single covalent bond between carbon atoms.
unsaturated hydrocarbons * contain at least one double or triple covalent bond between carbon atoms.
NON-HYDROCARBONS organic compounds that contain other elements (oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, phosphorus) Eg: ALCOHOL
SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON: Petroleum naturally occuring sources of hydrocarbon. It is a complex mixture hydrocarbons. These compounds can be separated by using fractional distillation. < 35C petroleum gas 35C 75C Petrol (gasoline) 75C 170C Naphtha 170C 230C Kerosene 230C 250C Diesel 250C 300C Lubricating oil 300C 350C Fuel oil > 350C Bitumen
ALKANES
GENERAL FORMULA MOLECULAR FORMULA STRUCTURAL FORMULA NAME OF EACH MEMBER
CH 4
C2H 6
C3H 8
C 4 H 10
C5 H 12
C6 H 14
C7 H 16
C8 H 18
C9 H 20
C10 H 22
Naming alkanes
Identify the stem
Identify the branch (if any) Put numbering on the main chain Name the branch first, then the stem
Homologous Functional group series Alkane Alkene Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester -CC-C=C OH COOH COO
Suffix
propane
butane
pentane
Steps to name branched alkanes; i. determined and named the long chains ii. determined and named the branch chain Branch name CH3 -methyl C2H5 -ethyl C3H7 -propyl C4H9 -butyl C5H11 -pentyl
-give number to the carbon atoms in long chain, which started from the nearest branched -The number for carbon atom which branched emerged from, must put before/infront the alkyl -Named the branched first, followed by the named of long chains -The word di, tri is used if the branched chains is more than one
2- methylpentane
2,4- dimethylpentane
ALKANES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
ALKANES
SUBSTITUTION REACTION
Example: Reaction of methane with chlorine in the presence of UV
H H
C
H
H
Cl
Cl
C
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
C
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
H
C
H
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
C
H
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
C
H
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
C
H
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
C
Cl
Cl
Cl
ALKANES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
H H
O H O
O O O
C
H
H
H
H
H
equation
CH 4 2O2 CO2 2 H 2O