CONDUCTIVITY

BY

AFTAB AHMAD MAZARI

CONDUCTIVITY ANALYZER
DEFINATION
Conductance Is Reciprocal of Resistance Electric Conduction in a Solid Charge Carrier Electrons Electric Conduction in a Liquid Charge CarrierIons

CONDUCTIVITY ANALYZER
When a liquid contains more ions per unit volume, the number of charge that are transported in a unit time, is greater and

the the liquid has a higher conduction.

If, on the other hand, the concentration of

ions in the solution is smaller, the

conductance is also low.

Units of Conductance
As it is defined that conductance is a reciprocal of Resistance G=1/R where G Conductance R Resistance As the unit of Resistance is Ohms then the unit of Conductance or G = ohm-1 But ohm-1 is defined as = mho

mho is the old and formal unit. The new unit is Siemens which is = mho

Units of Conductance
Siemens is wide range and usually this range is seldom used in industries. Smaller unit is siemens. But the unit will be defined as siemens / cm The conductivity of Boiler feed water is 10 siemens / cm

Working Principle
To measure the conductance of a liquid: Two electrodes / or two plates in a single housing: With the help of a electronic circuit The resistance or other words the conductance of the liquid is measured.

Material of Electrode
Construction
Titanium Palladium Electrode Chloro-trifluororthelene insulation

Graphite
Connection:
1 / 2 or 3 / 4 NPT

Cell Constant
Suppose there are two electrodes a & b Both are in equal size A = 1 cm Distance between two electrodes is denoted as L and it is also 1 cm

The formula for Cell Constant is

C = L / A2

Cell Constant
Putting the values

cm 1 1 cm cmxcm cm
So; cell constant = cm 1

Cell Constant
Very Important Factor

Cell Constant

Cell Constant
Suppose the Readings are L = 1 meter, A 1 meter2 Then the Cell Constant will be m1 But practically, the area of cell (Electrode) 1 m2 and distance between two electrodes L = 1 meter length is not possible.

Cell Constant
So the cell constant will depends upon at the nature of process. Suppose, the conductivity of pure water is being measured, then the electrodes should be close to each other or cell cell constant should be 0.01 cm-1 or 0.1 cm-1. Where as the conductivity of boiler feed water is more than water and cell constant can be 1 cm1.

Cell Constant
Practically and usually the shape of electrodes are round, so the size of electrodes or the distance between two electrodes can vary. The area of electrode can be 2 cm2 where as distance between them may be 0.5 cm.
Cell constant

May be from 0.01 to 100 cm-1.

Influence of Temp. on Conductivity

The mobility of the ions increases at high temperature of liquid. With the increase in temperature, the conductivity

of solution varies.
The change in conductivity due to temperature can be rectified with the help of Auto temperature compensator.

Construction of Cell
The cell consists of two electrodes plus temperature compensator. Usually temperature compensator is a thermo-resistance. The temperature of the sample is tried to kept at ambient temperature with the help of coolers, but a thermo-resistance is must in the cell to correct any variation in temperature of sample.

Electrode-less Conductivity Analyzer

Conductivity can be measured with the help of Electrodeless sensor. One way to eliminate electrode polarization effects is to eliminate the electrodes. Operationally, it resembles a transformer. Two encapsulated toroids, when immersed in electrolyte, form a conductive loop of solution shared by both.

Electrode-less Conductivity Analyzer

One toroid radiates an electric field in this loop, and the other detects a small (induced) electric current. Practically speaking, the two toroids are the coils of a transformer interconnected by the resistance of the electrolyte .

Electrode-less Conductivity Analyzer

The radiated field is typically 20 kHz, and the induced current, which is proportional to the

conductivity, is amplified, rectified, and

displayed.

Electrode-less Conductivity Analyzer

Electrodeless Conductivity Analyzer

Electrode-less Conductivity Analyzer

Electrode-less Conductivity Analyzer

The Maintenance Of Sensors

The following points must be borne in mind. The surface of the electrode must not be

treated with sharp objects. This can alter

the cell constant.

The Maintenance of Sensors

If an extra layer has been applied to the electrode in the cell in the form of Rhodium or Platinum black, this layer must not be damaged Lime deposits on the electrodes can be easily removed by placing the cell in an dilute acid solution and heating to about 70C.

Conductivity Standard solutions

Conductivity Standard solutions are used for calibration of the instrument.

Their conductivity may also be checked and

updated periodically from Laboratory.

Standard Solutions

Conductivity Probe

Conductivity Probe

Conductivity Probe

Recommended Cell Constants for various conductivity Ranges

Conductivity Ranges s/cm
0.0520 1200 102,000 10020,000 1000200,000 Cell Constant cm-1 0.01 0.1 1 10 100