GROUP 2: PRESENTATION

PARTICIPANTS
1.FRANCIS HIZA
2.DAVID J.PWELE
3.MARWA NYAHENDE
4.YASINTA ABEL
5.EDWIN MASHALA
6.IRENE MPESA
7.NICODEMUS BEI
8.JUMA KASABAJE
 OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES OF
BIODIVIVERSITY
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION
 OVERVIEW CONT’
 EFFECTS OF NON – USE VALUE
OF BIODIVERSITY
 PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY
 RECOMMENDATION
 CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
Environment is very crucial to living
organisms and enable ecosystems to
exist. Recognizing this importance both
use value and non-use value have to be
attached with biodiversity for the purpose
of protecting it.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Mansfield (1986) defines resources as things
or services used to produce goods which then
can be used to satisfy wants
 Use value is the value of the resources to the
public attributable to the direct use of the
services provided by the natural resources.
 non-use value refers to the value that people
derive from economic goods (including public
goods or natural resources) independent of any
use, present or future that people might make
of those goods. These are generally
differentiated from use value, which people
derive from direct use of the good.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CONT’
 Is a short form of biological diversity
which means the variety of life that
is the variety and variability among
living organisms and ecological
complexes in which they occur (FAO,
1993).
 MEASUREMENTS OF
BIODIVIVERSITY
 Ecosystem diversity – is the variety of
ecosystem which is ecological units in
landscape such as woodlands and swamps.
 Species diversity - is the variety of species in
terms of numbers and relative abundance of
individuals of different species.
 Genetic diversity – is the variation in genes
among individuals within species.
 Landscape diversity-Is a spatial heterogeneity
of various land uses and ecosystems within a
lager region measuring ranging from 100 to
10,000,000 km.
 CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES OF
BIODIVIVERSITY
 The value of biodiversity can be classified into
two major categories. These are:-
• Direct values -Under direct value it includes
consumptive use values and productive use
values. Consumptive use values consists of
products used directly such as food, drugs and
recreation while productive use value entails
commercial use of consumptive use value as
well as commercial use of wild gene resources
and pollinators.
• Indirect values -Indirect use values compose
of non consumptive use values, option values
and existence values.
 IMPORTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY
 Unlike goods bought and sold on markets,
many ecosystem services do not have markets
or readily observable prices. This means that
the importance of biodiversity and natural
processes in producing ecosystem services that
people depend on is not reflected in markets.
 A way of assigning monetary values to them is
to rely on non-market valuation methods.
These methods have been applied to clean
drinking water, recreation, or commercially
harvested species are valued with methods
including most prominently contingent valuation
methods (CVM).
 IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
CONT’
 There are many reasons that biodiversity is important
to human society as included below;
• It facilitates ecosystem functions that are vital for the
continued habitability of planet – carbon exchange,
water shade flows of surface and ground water, the
protection and enrichment of soil, the regulation of
surface temperature and local climate.
• It offers aesthetic scientific, cultural and other values
which are intangible and non-monetary but which are
nonetheless almost universary recognized.
• Biodiversity is a source of foodstuffs, fibres,
pharmaceutical inputs and chemicals and is a
fundamental source of information for and input to
biotechnology.
 IMPORTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY CONT’
• It allows the improvement of existing
varieties of crop and livestock and
development of new ones.
• The uniqueness and beauty of diverse
ecological systems provides a wide range
of recreational uses.
 IMPORTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY CONT’
Therefore, due to the above mentioned
roles of biodiversity, it is important for
the government by Promoting
community, civil society, with other
interested parties and participation in
planning, promoting equity and tenure to
resources to attach it to conserving
diverse biological resources and using
them sustainably in order to ratify the
convention on biological diversity.
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY
DEPLETION
 The interplay of market forces does not
secure the economically correct balance
of habitant conversion and its
conservation. Such market failure can
arise from ill-defined, disputed or non
existent property rights, from missing or
incomplete market of biological
resources, or from externalities which fail
to capture the environmental benefits of
resource
 CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY
DEPLETION CONT’
 Another source of biodiversity loss can be
ignorance of the functions and structure of
ecosystems, coupled with lack of hard data to
demonstrate their importance. As a result,
policy decisions may not be environmentally
sound, offering ‘perverse incentives’ which
encourage behavior that depletes natural
resources.

 Environmental degradation also affect

biodiversity e.g. pollution, soil erosion and
fertility loss, desertification, deforestation,
unplanned urbanization, lack of knowledge and
awareness.
EFFECTS OF NON – USE VALUE
OF BIODIVERSITY
 Biodiversity and the many ecosystem
services that it provides are a key factor
determining human well-being.
Biodiversity loss has-direct and indirect
negative effects on several factors:
• Food security: The availability of
biodiversity is often a "safety net" that
increases food security and the
adaptability of some local communities to
external economic and ecological
disturbances. Farming practices that
maintain and make use of agricultural
biodiversity can also improve food
security.
 CONT’
• Vulnerability: Many communities have
experienced more natural disasters over the
past several decades. For example, because of
the loss of mangroves and coral reefs, which
are excellent natural buffers against floods and
storms, coastal communities have increasingly
suffered from severe floods.
• Health: A balanced diet depends on the
availability of a wide variety of foods, which in
turn depends on the conservation of
biodiversity. Moreover, greater wildlife diversity
may decrease the spread of many wildlife
pathogens to humans.
 CONT’
• Energy security: Wood fuel provides more than half
the energy used in developing countries. Shortage of
wood fuel occurs in areas with high population density
without access to alternative and affordable energy
sources. In such areas, people are vulnerable to illness
and malnutrition because of the lack of resources to
heat homes, cook food, and boil water.
• Clean water: The continued loss of forests and the
destruction of watersheds reduce the quality and
availability of water supplied to household use and
agriculture. In the case of New York City, protecting the
ecosystem to ensure continued provision of clean
drinking water was far more cost-effective than building
and operating a water filtration plant.
 CONT’
• Social relations: Many cultures attach spiritual, aesthetic,
recreational, and religious values to ecosystems or their
components. The loss or damage to these components can harm
social relations, both by reducing the bonding value of shared
experience as well as by causing resentment toward groups that
profit from their damage.
• Freedom of choice: Loss of biodiversity, which is sometimes
irreversible, often means a loss of choices. The notion of having
choices available irrespective of whether any of them will be
actually picked is an essential constituent of the freedom aspect of
well-being.
• Basic materials: Biodiversity provides various goods - such as
plants and animals - that individuals need in order to earn an
income and secure sustainable livelihoods. In addition to
agriculture, biodiversity contributes to a range of other sectors,
including "ecotourism", pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and fisheries.
Losses of biodiversity, such as the collapse of the Newfoundland
cod fishery can impose substantial costs at local and national level.
 PROTECTION OF
BIODIVERSITY
 "Habitats are cut down, ploughed up,
paved over, over-grazed and
poisoned with radiation. They are
being coated with pesticides and
cloaked with toxic chemicals, flooded
and drained, and drenched with acid
rain. Waste is buried in them and oil
dumped on them. Wildlife is being
hunted down and the seas are being
fished out. Even the global climate is
being changed..."
 CONT’
 Create a wildlife friendly backyard by planting native
plants and trees and by attracting birds with feeders.
Replacing grass lawns with native wildflowers and
shrubs will increase your properties natural beauty
while attracting local wildlife.
 Reduce the use of pesticides on your lawn and in your
garden. Pesticides are designed to kill, repel, or
otherwise control perceived pest organisms – they are
intentionally toxic substances. It is critical to realize,
furthermore, that the vast majority of pesticides are
toxic to organisms beyond the targeted pests.
Whenever we use insecticides (for insect control),
herbicides (for weed control), fungicides (for fungus
control), rodenticides (for rodent control), or other
pesticides, we must recognize that we are potentially
exposing birds, beneficial organisms, pets, and people
to risk
 CONT’
 Involving local people in conservation activities.
The alienation of land for national parks, game
reserves and forest reserves without involving
the local people ,make the local people to feel
as been marginalized. The local people became
indifferent to conservation activities and went
as far as aiding activities that deplete
biodiversity.

 Designing projects for utilization of the Natural

resources. Local people have for a long time
been feeling that they are not legally getting
material benefits from protected areas because
of the strict legal setting that emphasis full
protection of the resources within protected
areas.
 CONT’
 Reduce your home energy consumption and
incorporate renewable energy/energy efficiency
into your home to reduce your impact on global
climate change, which threatens biodiversity.
 Expanding or Improving Protected Areas.
Protected areas are a proven approach to
conserving biodiversity. By restricting
harvesting and most land disturbance,
protected areas are one of the best ways to
ensure that adequate amounts of
representative ecosystems are in place to
ensure stable biodiversity
 END
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