THE ARAB ISRAELI

CONFLICT

1957-1967
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THE POST SUEZ ISSUES THE STATIONING OF THE UNEF REOPENING OF THE STRAITS OF TIRAN PALESTINIAN INFILTRATION NO RESOLUTION FOR THE BURNING ISSUES NO RECOGNITION OF ISRAEL

THE PROBLEM OF REFUGEES

WATER DISPUTE
ISRAELI WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE JORDAN RIVER FOR ITS NATIONAL WATER CARRIER.

WATER DISPUTE
ARAB RETALITAION CONSTRUCTION OF THE HEADWATER DIVERSION PLAN. THE BANIAS STREAM INTO THE MUKHAIBA DAM THE WATERS OF THE HASBANI INTO THE LITANI RIVER THE DIVERSION WOULD REDUCE ISRAEL'S CARRIER BY ABOUT 35%, AND ISRAEL'S OVERALL WATER SUPPLY BY ABOUT 11%. THE IDF SEVERAL TIMES ATTACKED THE DIVERSION WORKS IN SYRIA THROUGHOUT 1965.
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THE SAMU INCIDENT

SECRET TALKS BETWEEN GOLDA MEIR AND KING HUSSEIN

FATAH MINES
HUSSEINS BELATED CONDOLOCENCES ISRAELI RETALIATION Operation Shredder RIOTS IN THE WEST BANK AND JORDANIAN MOBILIZATION HUSSEINS CHANGING RHETORIC TO PROVOKE NASSER: DONT HIDE UNDER THE SKIRTS OF UNEF!
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IT WAS INEVITABLE..
ISRAELS PERCEPTION OF VULNERABILITY

CONTINUING BORDER TENSION

SECOND ROUND THINKING AND ARMS RACE

HOSTILE RHETORIC

NASSER, BACKED BY ARAB STATES THROWS ISRAEL INTO THE BAY OF AQABA. PRE-1967 WAR CARTOON ALFARIDA NEWSPAPER, LEBANON.
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EGYPTIAN ALERT
ON MAY 14, 1967, CAIRO ANNOUNCED MAXIMUM ALERT AND COMBAT UNITS CROSSED THE SUEZ INTO SINAI. ON MAY 18, EGYPT DEMANDED THAT U.N. RECALL ALL TROOPS OF THE UNEF.

INSTEAD OF DEFUSING THE GROWING CRISIS, U THANT COMPLIED ALMOST IMMEDIATELY

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EGYPTIAN TANKS TOOK OVER U.N. POSITIONS.

SYRIA ALSO BEGAN TO MOBILIZE, AS DID JORDAN AND IRAQ. ON MAY 22, NASSER ANNOUNCED THE CLOSING OF THE GULF OF AQABA. KING HUSSEIN, HITHERTO HOSTILE TO NASSER, RUSHED TO CAIRO ON 30 MAY TO CONCLUDEd A MUTUAL DEFENSE PACT.

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ISRAEL HAD EARLIER DECLARED THAT IT WOULD GO TO WAR IF ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING EVENTS OCCURRED:
THE DEPARTURE OF UNEF; THE BLOCKADING OF THE TIRAN STRAITS; THE SIGNING OF A JORDANIANEGYPTIAN DEFENSE PACT; THE DISPATCH OF IRAQI FORCES TO JORDAN.

BY THE END OF MAY ALL BUT ONE

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THE SIX-DAY WAR WAS A CLOCKWORK WAR CARRIED OUT BY THE IDF AGAINST INEFFECTIVE ARAB ARMIES.
PREEMPTION PREPARATION SURPRISE
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THE WAR ENDED WITH THE IDF OCCUPYING SINAI PENINSULA, GOLAN HEIGHTS, AND WEST BANK. THE UNSC CALLED FOR A CEASE-FIRE ON THE EVENING OF JUNE 7. EGYPT AND JORDAN GAVE THEIR AGREEMENT THE FOLLOWING DAY BUT SYRIA ACCEPTED ONLY ON JUNE 10. 26

TERRITORIAL CONSEQUENCES
GOLAN HEIGHTS FROM SYRIA WEST BANK FROM JORDAN

ENTIRE SINAI PENINSULA FROM EGYPT NOTABLY EAST JERUSALEM

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ISRAEL'S BORDERS (1949-1967)

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CONSEQUENCES OF THE 6 DAY WAR

IN SIX DAYS THE GEOPOLITICAL BALANCE OF THE REGION WAS RADICALLY CHANGED. CHANGE IN THE BALANCE OF POWER AMONG THE ARABS RADICAL NATIONALISTS LOST THEIR PRESTIGE THE GULF BEGAN TO GAIN POWER THREE SOVEREIGN STATES WERE HUMILIATED. WEAKENING NASSERISM LOSS OF LEGITIMACY THE END OF PAN ARABISM THE BEGINNING OF ISLAMISM ISRAELI STRENGTH POSITION OF STRENGTH TO CONVERT THE MILITARY VICTORY INTO POLITICAL ACHIEVEMENT. MILITARILY STRONGER THAN ANY COMBINATION OF ARAB STATES. OVERCONFIDENCE
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LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES.

MARKED THE END OF PAN-ARABISM

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LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES.

SHIFTED BALANCE OF POWER WITHIN ARAB SOCIETIES

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LONG TERM CONSEQUENCES.

PAVED WAY TO THE EMERGENCE OF ISLAMISM ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST

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KHARTOUM SUMMIT
AT KHARTOUM, IN THE SUMMER OF 1967, THE ARAB STATES UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED THEIR FAMOUS 'THREE NOS':
NO PEACE WITH ISRAEL, NO RECOGNITION OF ISRAEL, NO NEGOTIATION WITH ISRAEL.

AT KHARTOUM, NASSER PLEDGED TO STOP

DESTABILIZING THE REGION AND LAUNCHING PROPAGANDA ATTACKS AGAINST THE PERSIAN GULF MONARCHIES IN EXCHANGE FOR BADLY NEEDED ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE.

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CHANGING ISRAELI POLITICAL DISCOURSE

THE EASE OF THE VICTORY, THE TERRITORIAL EXPANSION THE REUNITING OF JERUSALEM, PERMANENTLY ALTERED POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN ISRAEL.

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THE CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM

THE CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM BY ISRAEL ADDED RELIGIOUS DIMENSION TO THE CONFLICT. THE RHETORIC AS REGARDS THE CONFLICT BECAME INCREASINGLY RELIGIOUS ONE.
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STUDY NOTES: HOW JERUSALEM BECAME THE ISRAELI CAPITAL "By accepting the [1947] U.N. partition resolution, the Jewish Agency had accepted the provision for placing Jerusalem under an international regime. Nevertheless, the newborn Jewish state desperately wanted Jerusalem to be its capital. At the end of 1948 Jerusalem was effectively partitioned along the cease-fire line between Israel and Jordan. While Israel's diplomats were conducting a vigorous campaign against internationalization, the cabinet waged a vigorous internal debate. The prime minister wanted to declare Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and to move as many government offices as possible there; The foreign minister [Sharett] urged caution. On 5 December 1949 the prime minister in the Knesset designed to make it absolutely clear that Israel would never accept foreign rule over Jerusalem...

The statement, however failed to deter the supporters of internationalization. On 9 December the U.N. General Assembly adopted by a large majority a that called for treating Jerusalem as a separate entity and placing it under U.N. rule.
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The U.N. decision rekindled the debate inside the Israeli cabinet. The prime minister reacted with Churchillian defiance, in deeds as well as words.
He proposed a vehement denunciation of the U.N. resolution as well as immediate practical measures to establish facts on the ground and to assert Israel's sovereignty... After a stormy debate the cabinet approved the text of the declaration submitted by the prime minister with only minor amendments... On 13 December, from the podium of the Knesset, to move the Knesset and the government offices from Tel Aviv to [West] Jerusalem. No time was wasted between the announcement of this decision and its implementation."

Avi Shlaim, Professor of International Relations at St. Antony's College, Oxford, in The Iron Wall p. 40 60, wrote:

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VIA DELOROSO 5TH STOP

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THE WAILING WALL AND HARAM

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WORLDWIDE SYMPATHY FOR ISRAEL

WHAT WAS REGARDED AS A THREAT TO THE EXISTENCE OF ISRAEL AROUSED SYMPATHY IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, WHERE MEMORIES OF THE JEWISH FATE DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR WERE STILL STRONG.

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CUMHURIYET ve MOSHE DAYAN

ISRAILIN KENDSNDEN HEM SAYICA HEM DE SILAHA KAT KAT STN DRT ARAP LKESINI YENNDE BAROL OYNAYAN MOE DAYAN YILIN (1967) DI ADAMI SEILMITIR. MOSHE DAYAN WAS CHOSEN AS THE MAN OF THE YEAR (1967) FOR PLAYING MAJOR ROLE IN DEFEATING FOUR ARAB STATES HAVING SUPERIORITY IN POPULATION AND ARMAMENTS.
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REGIONAL CONFLICT BECAME WORLWIDE ONE

FOR THE USSR IT WAS ALSO A KIND OF DEFEAT, BUT ONE WHICH MADE THE RUSSIANS MORE RESOLUTE TO PREVENT THEIR CLIENTS FROM INCURRING ANOTHER DEFEAT OF THE SAME MAGNITUDE.

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ISRAEL-US PARTNERSHIP
THE SWIFT ISRAELI VICTORY MADE ISRAEL MORE DESIRABLE AS AN ALLY IN AMERICAN EYES. ISRAEL'S STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES GAINED MOMENTUM, ARMING THE IDF WITH US WEAPONRY.

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STUDY NOTE: THE US IN SIX DAY WAR."

THE UNITED STATES TRIED TO PREVENT THE WAR THROUGH NEGOTIATIONS, BUT IT COULD NOT PERSUADE NASSER OR THE OTHER ARAB STATES TO CEASE THEIR BELLIGERENT STATEMENTS AND ACTIONS. STILL, RIGHT BEFORE THE WAR, JOHNSON WARNED: "ISRAEL WILL NOT BE ALONE UNLESS IT DECIDES TO GO ALONE. "THEN, WHEN THE WAR BEGAN, THE STATE DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCED: "OUR POSITION IS NEUTRAL IN THOUGHT, WORD AND DEED.

"MOREOVER, WHILE THE ARABS WERE FALSELY ACCUSING THE UNITED STATES OF AIRLIFTING SUPPLIES TO ISRAEL, JOHNSON IMPOSED AN ARMS EMBARGO ON THE REGION (FRANCE, ISRAEL'S OTHER MAIN ARMS SUPPLIER, ALSO EMBARGOED ARMS TO ISRAEL). BY CONTRAST, THE SOVIETS WERE SUPPLYING MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF ARMS TO THE ARABS. SIMULTANEOUSLY, THE ARMIES OF KUWAIT, ALGERIA, SAUDI ARABIA AND IRAQ WERE CONTRIBUTING TROOPS AND ARMS TO THE EGYPTIAN, SYRIAN AND JORDANIAN FRONTS.
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PALESTINIANS IN ISRAEL
400,000 WITHIN ITS PRE-1967 BORDERS 1.1 M. IN THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES 70,000 IN EAST JERUSALEM, 350,000 IN THE GAZA STRIP.

TOTAL 2 M PALESTINIANS

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REAWAKENING PALESTINIAN IDENTITY

THE TRAUMATIC DEMOLITION OF THE STATUS QUO AROUSE NATIONALIST ASPIRATIONS AMONG PALESTINIANS THE PALESTINIANS STOPPED LOOKING TO THE ARAB COUNTRIES TO DEFEAT ISRAEL. THEY WERE RADICALIZED BY THE 1967 DEFEAT. THE PLO - AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION OF PALESTINIAN GROUPS LED BY YASIR ARAFAT'S AL FATAH- MOVED TO THE FOREFRONT OF ARAB RESISTANCE AGAINST ISRAEL.
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THE FEDAYEEN
RECRUITS AND MONEY POURED IN, AND THROUGHOUT 1968 PALESTINIAN GUERRILLAS LAUNCHED A NUMBER OF BORDER RAIDS ON ISRAEL. THE FEDAYEEN ATTACKS BROUGHT LARGESCALE ISRAELI RETALIATION, WHICH THE ARAB STATES WERE NOT CAPABLE OF COUNTERACTING.

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UNSCR 242

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On November 22, 1967, the United Nations Security Council passed the following resolution: "The Security Council, Expressing its continuing concern with the grave situation in the Middle East, Emphasizing the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war and the need to work for a just and lasting peace in which every State in the area can live in security, Emphasizing further that all Member States in their acceptance of the Charter of the United Nations have undertaken a commitment to act in accordance with Article 2 of the Charter,
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1. Affirms that the fulfillment of Charter principles requires the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East which should include the application of both the following principles: (i) Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict; (ii) Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgment of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force;
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2. Affirms further the necessity (a) For guaranteeing freedom of navigation through international waterways in the area; (b) For achieving a just settlement of the refugee problem; (c) For guaranteeing the territorial inviolability and political independence of every State in the area, through measures including the establishment of demilitarized zones;

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3. Requests the Secretary-General to designate a Special Representative to proceed to the Middle East to establish and maintain contacts with the States concerned in order to promote agreement and assist efforts to achieve a peaceful and accepted settlement in accordance with the provisions and principles in this resolution; 4. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council on the progress of the efforts of the Special Representative as soon as possible.
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242s balanced emphasis on

'the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war and the need to work for a just and lasting peace.' 'withdrawal of Israel from territories occupied in the recent conflict,' as well as for 'termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area and their right to live in peace.'

242 called for

242 also called for 'a just settlement of the refugee problem.'
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AMBIGUITY OF TERRITORIES
242 ALLOWED ISRAEL TO AVOID THE REQUIREMENT OF WITHDRAWING FROM 'THE TERRITORIES' OR 'ALL THE TERRITORIES' OCCUPIED IN THE RECENT WAR. THE FINAL WORDING WAS 'WITHDRAWAL FROM TERRITORIES,' GIVING ISRAEL SOME ROOM FOR MANEUVERING."
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The resolution was accepted by

Egypt, Jordan, and Israel from the outset, Syria.

but was initially rejected by

Only after the October War of 1973 did Syria accept the resolution, while all the Arab states (except Libya) accepted its principles at the Fez Arab summit conference in 1982.

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PLO AND 242

The most consistent rejection of Resolution 242 came from PLO, which from its inception in 1964 refused a peaceful settlement with Israel. After 1974, however, as the PLO moved toward the idea of a negotiated settlement with Israel, it increasingly based its objections to Resolution 242 on the fact that it dealt with the Palestinians as refugees, rather than as a people with national rights. Finally, in 1988, the PLO formally accepted Resolution 242 as the basis for a Middle East settlement, thereby meeting one of the conditions posed by the United States for opening contacts with it.
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WHY JERUSALEM
JERUSALEM IS NEVER MENTIONED IN THE QUR'AN. EVEN THE NAME 'JERUSALEM' DOES NOT FIGURE IN EARLY MUSLIM WRITINGS. WHEN THE CITY IS MENTIONED AT ALL -AS FOR EXAMPLE ON [CALIPH] 'ABD ALMALIK'S MILESTONES -- IS CALLED AELIA, THE NAME IMPOSED BY THE ROMANS TO DESACRALIZE THE CITY AND TO OBLITERATE ITS JEWISH AND ALSO CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS.

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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

JERUSALEM CAME TO BE KNOWN FOR A WHILE AS BAYT AL-MAQDIS, CLEARLY RELATED TO THE HEBREW BAYT HAMAQDASH, THE BIBLICAL NAME OF THE TEMPLE. IN TIME BOTH THIS NAME AND AELIA WERE REPLACED BY AL-QUDS, 'THE [CITY OF] HOLINESS'...

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WHY QUDS CONSIDERED SACRED?

A QUR'ANIC VERSE (17:1) TELLS HOW GOD TOOK THE PROPHET ON A JOURNEY BY NIGHT FROM THE SACRED MOSQUE (IN MECCA) TO THE FARTHEST MOSQUE (IN ARABIC, AL-MASJID AL-AQSA). ONE EARLY EXEGETICAL TRADITION PLACES 'THE FARTHEST MOSQUE' IN HEAVEN; ANOTHER PLACES IT

IN JERUSALEM.
THE LATTER INTERPRETATION CAME TO BE UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED BY MUSLIMS.
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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

"THE JEWISH CONNECTION TO JERUSALEM IS AN ANCIENT AND POWERFUL ONE. JUDAISM MADE JERUSALEM A HOLY CITY OVER THREE THOUSAND YEARS AGO AND THROUGH ALL THAT TIME JEWS REMAINED STEADFAST TO IT. JEWS PRAY IN ITS DIRECTION, MENTION ITS NAME CONSTANTLY IN PRAYERS, CLOSE THE PASSOVER SERVICE WITH THE WISTFUL STATEMENT 'NEXT YEAR IN JERUSALEM,' AND RECALL THE CITY IN THE BLESSING AT THE END OF EACH MEAL. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TEMPLE LOOMS VERY LARGE IN JEWISH CONSCIOUSNESS; REMEMBRANCE TAKES SUCH FORMS AS A SPECIAL DAY OF MOURNING, HOUSES LEFT PARTIALLY UNFINISHED, A WOMAN'S MAKEUP OR JEWELRY LEFT INCOMPLETE, AND A GLASS SMASHED 78 DURING THE WEDDING CEREMONY.

STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

THE CITY SYMBOLIZES BOTH SPIRITUAL AND NATIONAL REVIVAL, SO ISRAEL'S NATIONAL ANTHEM, 'HATIKVAH' ('THE HOPE'), NATURALLY REFERS TO A TWO-THOUSANDYEAR YEARNING FROM THE DIASPORA FOR ZION AND JERUSALEM. NOR IS THIS YEARNING PURELY SPIRITUAL. THROUGH THE CENTURIES, JEWS SETTLED IN JERUSALEM TO LIVE AN EXISTENCE OF EXCEPTIONAL PIETY. ALREADY IN MEDIEVAL TIMES, ELDERLY JEWS TRAVELED TO JERUSALEM TO DIE AND BE BURIED IN ITS HALLOWED GROUND. BY 1844, JEWS CONSTITUTED THE LARGEST RELIGIOUS GROUP IN THE CITY; BY THE 1870S, THEY WERE IN ABSOLUTE MAJORITY, WHICH THEY HAVE REMAINED EVER SINCE."

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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

PALESTINE IN GENERAL AND JERUSALEM IN PARTICULAR WERE THE SCENE ON WHICH THE MOST UNIQUELY MOMENTOUS EVENTS OF CHRISTIANITY HAD BEEN ENACTED.
THE MYSTERY OF THE INCARNATION AND REDEMPTION HAD TAKEN PLACE HERE. THE DIVINE ACT OF SALVATION HERE HAD ITS LOCAL HABITATION AND INCARNATE MANIFESTATION.

ALL THE FOLLOWING TOOK PLACE ON DEFINITE SPOTS IN PALESTINE AND JERUSALEM

THE NATIVITY AND THE EVENTS PRECEDING IT, CHRIST'S CHILDHOOD AND MANHOOD, HIS MINISTRY AND PREACHING, THE CONSUMMATION OF THIS MINISTRY IN HIS PASSION, RESURRECTION AND ASCENSION, THE BIRTH OF THE CHURCH ON PENTECOST AND THE BEGINNINGS OF THE FIRST CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY.
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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

"PAST CONTROVERSIES OVER THE CONTROL OF THE CHRISTIAN HOLY PLACES WERE BOUND UP MORE BY DISPUTES WITHIN CHRISTIANITY THAN BY INTERFERENCE FROM THE MUSLIM RULERS OF PALESTINE OR CONFLICT WITH JEWS. THE HOLY PLACES INCLUDE SITES BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN THE SCENES OF THE CRUCIFIXION AND BURIAL OF JESUS, INCLUDING THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, THE CHURCHES MARKING THE STATIONS OF THE CROSS ALONG THE VIA DOLOROSA, THE GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, AND THE CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION.
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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

IN 1757, THE OTTOMAN AUTHORITIES FIRST ESTABLISHED A STATUS QUO TO DETERMINE WHICH CHRISTIAN SECTS CONTROLLED WHICH HOLY PLACES. THE STATUS QUO WAS
REAFFIRMED IN 1852, GUARANTEED IN 1878 BY THE EUROPEAN POWERS AT THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN, CONFIRMED BY THE BRITISH DURING THE MANDATE PERIOD, AND THEN AGAIN BY ISRAEL AFTER 1967.

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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

SO IMPORTANT IS THIS STATUS QUO TO CHRISTIANS THAT A DISPUTE BETWEEN ROMAN CATHOLICS AND THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX OVER CONTROL OF ALTARS IN THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY IN BETHLEHEM WAS THE PROXIMATE CAUSE OF THE CRIMEAN WAR OF 1854-56. CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS ARE STILL MORE CONCERNED WITH KEEPING ONE CHRISTIAN SECT FROM ENCROACHING ON THE OTHERS' RIGHTS THAN WITH CONTROL OF THE CITY BY JEWS OR MUSLIMS.
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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

HISTORICALLY, THE VATICAN HAS ALWAYS SUPPORTED INTERNATIONALIZATION, OF THE HOLY PLACES. STILL, THE VATICAN STILL CONSIDERS ISRAELI 'OCCUPATION' OF EASTERN JERUSALEM 'UNACCEPTABLE. YET THE VATICAN HAS APPARENTLY MOVED AWAY FROM ITS HISTORIC INSISTENCE ON CREATION OF A CORPUS SEPARATUM TO SOME NOTION OF 'INTERNATIONAL GUARANTEES TO SAFEGUARD THE UNIQUENESS OF THE CITY.

IN RETURN FOR THIS AND FOR OPENING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH ISRAEL, THE VATICAN HOPES TO PLAY A ROLE IN THE NEGOTIATIONS OVER JERUSALEM.
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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

THIS RAPPROCHEMENT HAS ALREADY CREATED CONSIDERABLE CONSTERNATION AMONG OTHER CHRISTIAN GROUPS, IN PARTICULAR THE GREEK ORTHODOX, WHO ARE THE MAJORITY OF CHRISTIANS IN ISRAEL, AND WHO HAVE ASSERTED TRADITIONAL CLAIMS OF RELIGIOUS PRIMACY FOR THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY THERE."

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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

THE JERUSALEM QUESTION IN ITS CURRENT FORM CONTAINS TWO SEPARATE ELEMENTS:
SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE CITY AND

THE STATUS OF THE HOLY PLACES.

THE FORMER IS CONTESTED BY TWO NATIONAL GROUPS, THE LATTER BY THREE RELIGIONS.

SUCH A TAXONOMY, WHILE IT SERVES THE PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS, DOES NOT ALTOGETHER FIT THE REAL WORLD.
THE ISSUES OF SOVEREIGNTY AND OF THE HOLY PLACES, OF NATIONALISM AND RELIGION, ARE IN JERUSALEM, MORE THAN ANYWHERE ELSE ON EARTH, INEXTRICABLY TANGLED.
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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

In December, 1948, UN General Assembly Resolution 194 established The Palestine Conciliation Commission (PCC). The Commission's task was to work toward a peace settlement between Israel and the Arab states, to facilitate the repatriation, resettlement, and economic and social well-being of the Palestinian refugees, and to determine the status of Jerusalem.
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STUDY NOTE ON QUDS

The PCC, however, failed to achieve any of its goals, and in fact these issues remained points of contention for the next fifty or so years. Both Israel and the Arabs rejected the UN position that Jerusalem should become an international city.

The Jordanians and the Israelis came to a working arrangement by dividing the city between them, essentially disregarding the views of other nations.
Israel later proclaimed Jerusalem its capital and gradually transferred government departments to the city.
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137:1 By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion.

137:2 We hanged our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof.
137:3 For there they that carried us away captive required of us a song; and they that wasted us required of us mirth, saying, Sing us one of the songs of Zion. 137:4 How shall we sing the LORD's song in a strange 89 land?

137:5 If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget her cunning.
137:6 If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth; if I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. 90

BABIL IRMAKLARI KENARINDA, ORADA OTURDUK, VE SIONU ANDIKA ALADIK. IINDEKI STLER ZERINE ENKLERIMIZI ASTIK. NK ORADA BIZI SRGN EDENLER BIZDEN TERANELER, VE BIZE AZAP EDENLER BIZDEN ENLIK ISTEDILER; SION TERANELERINDEN BIRINI BIZE OKUYUN DEDILER. YABANCININ TOPRAINDA RABBIN TERANESINI NASIL OKUYALIM? EER SENI UNUTURSAN YERUALIM, SA ELIM HRNERINI UNUTSUN. EER SENI ANMAZSAM, EER YERUALIMI BA SEVINCIMDEN STN TUTMAZSAM, DILIM DAMAIMA YAPISIN ESKI AHIT, MEZMUR 137
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VA, PENSIORE SULLALI DORATE

Fly, thought, on wings of gold; go settle upon the slopes and the hills, where, soft and mild, the sweet airs of our native land smell fragrant! Greet the banks of the Jordan and Zion's toppled towers... Oh, my country so lovely and lost! Oh, remembrance so dear and so fraught with despair! Golden harp of the prophetic seers, why dost thou hang mute upon the willow? Rekindle our bosom's memories, and speak of times gone by! Mindful of the fate of Jerusalem, either give forth an air of sad lamentation, or else let the Lord imbue us with fortitude to bear our sufferings!
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MUSIC HISTORIANS HAVE LONG PERPETUATED A POWERFUL MYTH ABOUT THE FAMOUS VA, PENSIORE CHORUS SUNG IN THE THIRD ACT BY THE HEBREW SLAVES. SCHOLARS HAVE LONG BELIEVED THE AUDIENCE, RESPONDING WITH NATIONALISTIC FERVOR TO THE SLAVES' POWERFUL HYMN OF LONGING FOR THEIR HOMELAND, DEMANDED AN ENCORE OF THE PIECE. AS ENCORES WERE EXPRESSLY FORBIDDEN BY THE GOVERNMENT AT THE TIME, SUCH A GESTURE WOULD HAVE BEEN EXTREMELY SIGNIFICANT. HOWEVER, RECENT SCHOLARSHIP PUTS THIS AND THE CORRESPONDING MYTH OF VA PENSIORE AS THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF THE RISORGIMENTO, TO REST. ALTHOUGH THE AUDIENCE DID INDEED DEMAND AN ENCORE, IT WAS NOT FOR "VA, PENSIERO" BUT RATHER FOR THE HYMN "IMMENSO JEHOVA," SUNG BY THE HEBREW SLAVES TO THANK GOD FOR SAVING HIS PEOPLE.
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