THERMOMETRY

a science which deals with the study, design, construction, calibration and testing of a thermometer. Thermometer a device used in measuring the temperature of a body or a system.

Temperature (t or T) a manifestation of heat. It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or a system and tells the direction of the flow of heat.

THERMOMETRY
Temperature Scales: Metric (CGS and MKS) a. Centigrade or Celsius (oC) b. Kelvin (K) English a. Fahrenheit (oF) b. Rankine (oR)

Fixed points used to compare temperature scales. temperature at which a substance undergo a change in phase
Boiling/Condensation Point(BP/CP) point at which liquid and gas co-exist at normal pressure and at thermal equilibrium. Freezing/Melting Point(FP/MP) point at which solid and liquid co-exist at normal pressure and at thermal equilibrium.

THERMOMETRY
Using Water BP/CP Temperature, t FP/MP
oC

K 373.13

oF

oR

100

212

672

tc 0

tk 273.13

tf 32

tR 492

Conversion by Interpolation

t 32 t 0 t 273.13 t 492 100 0 212 32 373.13 273.13 672 492

c f k R

THERMOMETRY
Note: - oC, oF, K, and oR are temperature readings directly from the thermometer. - Co, Fo, , and Ro are units for any difference or change in the temperature. - 1 Co = 1 K and 1 Fo = 1 Ro (observe temperature scales)

THERMAL EXPANSION
a phenomenon whereby the dimensions of a body change when its temperature changes. Generally, when a substance are heated (temperature is increased), they expand but when they are cooled (temperature is decreased), they contract. The change in dimension of the body depends on: 1. the original dimension 2. the change in temperature 3. the coefficient of expansion Linear Expansion - change in length due a change in temperature.

THERMAL EXPANSION
Linear Expansion

Therefore, final length, Lf = Lo + LoT = Lo ( 1+ T ) where: Lo - initial length - coefficient of linear expansion T change in temperature T = Tf - To

THERMAL EXPANSION
Area Expansion

A = AoT (area thermal expansion)

Therefore, final area, Af = Ao + AoT = Ao ( 1+ T ) where: Ao - initial area - coefficient of area expansion

THERMAL EXPANSION
Volume Expansion

V = VoT (area thermal expansion)

Therefore, final volume, Vf = Vo + VoT = Vo ( 1+ T ) where: Vo - initial volume - coefficient of volume expansion

THERMAL EXPANSION
Consider a cube with sides L and V = L3 When the temperature change is dT its volume will change by dV

V = L3 dV = 3L2dL but L = LoT or dL = LodT dV = 3Lo2(LodT) dV = 3Lo3dT but Vo = Lo3 and dV = VodT dV = 3VodT = VodT 3 =
Repeating the same mathematical procedure for area expansion well end with

2 =