Network Protocols

 Protocols are set of rules and regulations required to

enable the communication among the computers having
different OS Environment.
There are two types of protocols: Connection-Oriented
and Connection Less Protocols.
Connection-oriented Protocols contacts the destination
Host before transmitting the actual data and thus ensures
the availability of destination Host.
Connection-oriented protocols also acknowledges the
receipt of received data and thus provides the reliable
communication.
TCP and SPX is connection-oriented protocols.
Connection less protocols does not contact destination host and
transmits the data .
Connection less protocols does not provide the acknowledgement
for receipt of data and thus provides non-reliable communication.
Connection less protocols are most widely used for faster data
transfer.
IP and IPX are connection less protocols.
TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
SPX stands for Sequential Packet Exchange
IP stands for Internet Protocol
IPX stands for Internetwork Packet Exchange.
•There are also two types of protocols: Routable and Non-
routable Protocol.
Non-routable protocols can not take part in routing process
while routable protocols are used in routing process.
Routing is the process of forwarding data packets from
one network to another network and maintaining path
between them.
TCP/IP, IPX/SPX and Appletalk are routing routable
To accomplish any task in a network communication process
sometimes more than one protocols are grouped and get
that work done. This group of protocols is called protocol
suit/stack.
Here are some of the known protocols/protocol stacks.
3. Netbeui:
• Netbeui stands for network basic input output system
extended user interface.
• Netbeui was developed by IBM.
• Performs very fast in small scale network and specially
designed to work in small network.
• It does not support Routing Process.
1. TCP/IP
• TCP/IP is a global protocol developed by Department
of defence (DOD) to secure their military network
called ARPANET.
• TCP/IP is not a single protocols it is a group of large no
of Protocols.
• TCP/IP is the smallest among all types of protocols.
• It supports the routing function and that is why it most
widely used in WAN and Internet.
• Today almost all type of Operating Systems has built
in support for TCP/IP Protocol.
Some of the TCP/IP group protocol are
2) TCP: It is connection oriented protocol and provides reliable
communication. It operates at Transport layer of OSI
Reference Model.
5) IP : It is a connection less protocol and does not provide
reliable communication. It is used for faster data
communication. It operates at Network Layer of OSI
Reference Model.
9) ICMP: ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
It generates Echo Request and Echo Reply. Ping
command use this Protocol while checking
connectivity and the message like request timed out,
destination host not reachable. Operates at Network Layer.
4). HTTP : It stands for Hyper Text transfer Protocol.
It transfers the HTML based data between Web server
to Web Browser.
5). FTP : It stands for File transfer protocol. It is used to transfer a
file in LAN. It is also used for uploading files.Uploading
is the process of transferring the file on internet from
local computer.E.g. attaching file in email.
6). SMTP: It stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. It is used
to
distribute the emails from email server.The SMTP
address can also be used as a outgoing mail server.
7). POP3: It stands for Post Office Protocol. It is used to receive the
emails distributed by SMTP server. The POP3 address
can also be used as a incoming mail server.
8). UDP: It stands for User Datagram Protocol. It is a connection
less protocol that operates at the transport layer and used
for faster data communication also it is used by DHCP
server for providing automatic IP Address.
9). DHCP: It stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol and it
is used to assign IP addresses Dynamically
(Automatically) to all the clients in a network.
10). SLIP: Serial Line Internet Protocol. It is older protocol that
was used for dial up connectivity between dial up server
and client. It supports TCP and IP only and only
supports static IP only.
11). PPP: Point to Point Protocol. This is improved version of SLIP
and used for dial up connectivity. It supports static as
well as Dynamic IP. It supports TCP/IP as well as other
protocols.
12). Telnet: Telnet is a command line based terminal emulation
program and used to administrate remote computer in
CLI.
3. IPX/SPX
• It is the protocol developed by Novell Company for their
Netware Product.
• It also supports routing process.
• IPX stands for Internetwork Packet Exchange. It is connection
oriented protocol and provides reliable communication. It
operates at Transport layer of OSI Reference Model.
• SPX stands for sequential Packet Exchange. It is a connection
less protocol and does not provide reliable communication. It
is used for faster data communication. It operates at Network
Layer of OSI Reference Model.
4. Appletalk
 Appletalk is a protocol developed by Apple company
for their Macintosh Operating System.
4. DLC Protocol.
DLC stands for Data Link Protocol. These protocol is
used for:
 Providing Connectivity between PC and Mainframe.
 Used to be installed in a computer to communicate with
the HP Jetdirect Printer
6. Nw-link Protocol
It is Microsoft’s implementation against Novell’s IPX/SPX
Protocol.