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Basics Of Communication

COMMUNICATION
 The process in which information is
transferred is known as communication
 Communication can be in many forms
such as talking, signaling, etc.

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TELECOMMUNICATION
 Tele : meaning far
 Communication : information flow

 The process in which communication


goes on for two distant objects,
individuals

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Frequency
 An MS communicates with a BTS by
transmitting or receiving radio waves, which
consist of electromagnetic energy.
 The frequency of a radio wave is the number
of times that the wave oscillates per second.
 Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz), where 1
Hz indicates one oscillation per second.

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Frequency contd..,
 Radio frequencies are used for many
applications in the world today.
 Some common uses include:
 Television: 300 MHz approx.
 FM Radio: 100 MHz approx.
 Police radios: Country dependent
 Mobile networks: 300 - 2000 MHz approx.

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Radio Frequencies
 A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave
propagated by an antenna.
 Radio waves have different frequencies and by
tuning a radio receiver to a specific frequency,
you can pick up a specific signal.

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Radio Frequencies (Cont’d)
Frequ ency Ba nd
10 kHz to 30 kHz Very Low Frequency (VLF)
30 kHz to 300 kHz Low Frequency (LF)
300 kHz to 3 MHz Medium Frequency (MF)
3 MHz to 30 MHz High Frequency (HF)
30 MHz to 328.6 MHz Very High Frequency (VHF)
328.6 MHz to 2.9 GHz Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
2.9 GHz to 30 GHz Super High Frequency (SHF)
30 GHz and above Extremely High Frequency (EHF)

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Wavelength
 Wavelength is the length of one complete
oscillation and is measured in meters (m).
 Frequency and wavelength are related via the
speed of propagation, which for radio waves
is the speed of light (3 x10exp8 m/s).
 The wavelength of a frequency can be
determined by using the following formula:
 Wavelength = Speed/Frequency

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Wavelength contd..,
 Thus, for GSM 900 the wavelength is:
 Wavelength = 3 x 10 e+8m/s/900 MHz
 Wavelength = 300,000,000 m/s/900,000,000
 Wavelength = 0.33 m (or 33 cm)
 From this formula it can be determined that
the higher the frequency, the shorter the
wavelength.

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Wavelength contd..,
 Lower frequencies, with longer wavelengths,
are better suited to transmission over large
distances, because they bounce on the
surface of the earth and in the atmosphere.
 Television and FM radio are examples of
applications, which use lower frequencies.

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Wavelength contd..,
 Higher frequencies, with shorter wavelengths,
are better suited to transmission over small
distances, because they are sensitive to such
problems as obstacles in the line of the
transmission path.
 Higher frequencies are suited to small areas
of coverage, where the receiver is relatively
close to the transmitter.

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Bandwidth
 Bandwidth is the term used to describe the
amount of frequency range allocated to one
application.
 The bandwidth given to an application
depends on the amount of available
frequency spectrum.
 The amount of bandwidth available is an
important factor in determining the capacity
of a mobile system, i.e. the number of calls,
which can be handled.
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Channels
 Another important factor in determining
the capacity of a mobile system is the
channel.
 Communication channels of any form
can be one of the following types:

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Channels contd..,
 A simplex channel, such as a FM radio music
station, uses a single frequency in a single
direction only.
 A duplex channel, such as that used during a
mobile call, uses two frequencies: one to the
MS and one from the MS.
 The direction from the MS to the network is
referred to as uplink.
 The direction from the network to the MS is
referred to as downlink.

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Uplink and Downlink

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Basic Elements of a Communication
System

 Transmitter
 Receiver
 Channel/Medium

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Modulation
 The process of modifying a carrier signal (usually a
sinusoid) in accordance with an information-bearing
signal (modulating signal), such that the modified
carrier signal (modulated signal) can be used to
convey information.
 Can be applied to either analog or digital signals.
 A signal that varies continuously with respect to time
is called as an al og signal.
 A signal that is discrete with respect to time is
dig it al signal.
Ex: 1 0 1 1 0 1

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 Modulating signal m (t)
 Usually at low frequency
 Also called baseband signal
 Carrier signal c (t)
 High frequency sinusoid to carry the information.
 Modulated signal s(t)
 Carrier signal modified by modulating signal
 At the output of the modulator.
 Also called bandpass signal

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Modulation contd..,
 The mo du lat or imposes the message onto a
“carrier wave”.
 For any analog signal there will be three parameters
as amplitude, frequency and phase.
 One of all of them can be modified to carry
information.
Amp lit ude Mo dul ati on:
 If the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to
represent message signal then this kind of
modulation is called amplitude modulation.

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Modulation contd..,
Frequ ency M odul ati on:
 If the frequency of the carrier signal is
modified to convey message signal then this
kind of modulation is called frequency
modulation.
Pha se Mod ula tion:
 If the phase of the carrier signal is modified
to convey message signal then this kind of
modulation is called phase modulation.

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 ASK

 FSK

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 PSK

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MOBILE STANDARDS
 Standards play a major role in telecommunications
by:
 Allowing products from diverse suppliers to be
interconnected
 Facilitating innovation by creating large markets for
common products
 The primary purpose of a standard for mobile
communications is to specify how mobile phone calls
are to be handled by a mobile network

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 For example, this includes specification of the
following:
 The signals to be transmitted and received by
the mobile phone
 The format of these signals
 The interaction of network nodes
 The basic network services which should be
available to mobile subscribers
 The basic network structure (i.e. cells, etc.)

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 Since the development of NMT 450 in 1981,
many standards for mobile communication
have been developed throughout the world.
 Each mobile standard has been developed to
meet the particular requirements of the
country or interest groups involved in its
specification.
 For this reason, although a standard may be
suitable for one country, it may not be
suitable for another.
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Duplex Distance
 The use of full duplex requires that the uplink
and downlink transmissions must be
separated in frequency by a minimum
distance, which is called duplex distance.
 Without it, uplink and downlink frequencies
would interfere with each other.

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Carrier Separation
 In addition to the duplex distance, every
mobile system includes a carrier separation.
 This is the distance on the frequency band
between channels being transmitted in the
same direction.
 This is required in order to avoid the
overlapping of information in one channel into
an adjacent channel.

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Carrier Separation
 In GSM to avoid interference between the
two sets of information, a channel separation
distance of 200 kHz is required.
 If less separation were used, they would
interfere and a caller on one frequency (for
ex 895.4 MHz) may experience crosstalk or
noise from the caller on next frequency(
895.6 MHz)
 Carrier separation is sometimes referred to as
carrier bandwidth
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Capacity and Frequency Re-use
 It is the number of frequencies in a cell that
determines the cell’s capacity.
 Each company with a license to operate a
mobile network is allocated a limited number
of frequencies.
 Depending on the traffic load and the
availability of frequencies, a cell may have
one or more frequencies allocated to it.
 It is important when allocating frequencies
that interference is avoided.

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Capacity and Frequency Re-use
contd..,
 Interference can be caused by a variety of
factors.
 A common factor is the use of similar
frequencies close to each other. The higher
interference, the lower call quality.
 To provide coverage to all the subscribers,
frequencies must be reused many times at
different geographical locations in order to
provide a network with sufficient capacity.
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Capacity and Frequency Re-use
contd..,
 The same frequencies can not be re-used in
neighboring cells as they would interfere with each
other so special patterns of frequency usage are
determined during the planning of the network.

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Frequency Reuse contd..,
 These frequency re-use patterns ensure that
any frequencies being re-used are located at
a sufficient distance apart to ensure that
there is little interference between them.
 The term “frequency re-use distance” is used
to describe the distance between two
identical frequencies in a re-use pattern.
 The lower frequency re-use distance, the
more capacity will be available in the
network.
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