Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Its time to go back a long way to see how this wonderful system began.
Music Education
In the educational systems of Israel, Greece and Rome, it was taken for granted that the aesthetic component of experience as portrayed in the arts (sculpture, dancing, and music) operated part and parcel with the physical, cognitive, and religious components of higher education. (Broudy, 1990)
(Deu 31:19 NIV) "Now write down for yourselves this song and teach it to the Israelites and have them sing it, so that it may be a witness for me against them. (Deu 31:22 NIV) So Moses wrote down this song that day and taught it to the Israelites.
(1 Chr 15:16 NIV) David told the leaders of the Levites to appoint their brothers as singers to sing joyful songs, accompanied by musical instruments: lyres, harps and cymbals. (2 Chr 20:21 NIV) After consulting the people, Jehoshaphat appointed men to sing to the LORD and to praise him for the splendor of his holiness as they went out at the head of the army, saying: "Give thanks to the LORD, for his love endures forever."
(1 Chr 25:6 NIV) All these men were under the supervision of their fathers for the music of the temple of the LORD, with cymbals, lyres and harps, for the ministry at the house of God. Asaph, Jeduthun and Heman were under the supervision of the king. (2 Chr 5:12 NIV) All the Levites who were musicians-Asaph, Heman, Jeduthun and their sons and relatives-stood on the east side of the altar, dressed in fine linen and playing cymbals, harps and lyres. They were accompanied by 120 priests sounding trumpets.
Greek Scientists
X 2xy= MUSIC
Numbers are key to the physical and spiritual universe Music is made up of numbers and given ratios
Ptolemy (ca.
Certain modes correspond to certain planets
PLATO (ca. 380 B.C., wrote Republic) ARISTOTLE (ca. 330 B.C., wrote Politics)
Chief function of Education is to make one fit to rule: Build a solid moral character by developing the body and the mind Music and Gymnastics primary areas of study: Music to develop mind and to shape proper character, gymnastics to make body strong to better serve state Music for knowledge, not pleasure The effects of the modes and the danger of corruption Believes new trends demonstrate ethical decline, and that schooling can counteract this trend
Platos Model
Standard: Elementary, secondary At age 18, 2 years of military education #1. If showing promise as a great warrior:
Serve in army
If demonstrating great intellect:
#2. If no further promise of great intellect: Enter lower position of civil duty If showing promise as great intellect: 5 more years of study #3. If still showing promise of great intellect: 15 years practical experience
Aristotle
Education as a branch of politics Schools should be run by State Education for the rich and the poor (but not for everyone) Education should be liberal, not practical, and should follow natural growth patterns
Aristotles Model
Early education should be built on PLAY, should be moral and physical Pre-adolescent education should help develop a sense of shame and a a desire for success
Contrasting City-States
ATHENS:
Democratic ideals, broader concept of citizenship Well-rounded individuals, liberal education Militarized State, rigid control over schooling Education is about creating perfect warriors
SPARTA:
Spartan Education
At birth, a boy was brought before magistrates Brought up by family until age 7 Placed in public barracks from 7-18: Semi-militaristic training Music in the form of war songs, singing and dancing for morale and to enhance physical training Age 18-20: Intense military training Age 20-30: Active military service Age 30: Eligible to become full citizens, and urged to participate in the training of young men
Instituto Oratoria
Musicians are at the same level of respect as Prophets and Philosophers. The Study of Music is the most ancient study. Some believed that the study of grammar (the highest of studies) was subordinate to the study of Music.
In Meanders play The Changling he mentions that the greatest expense in a boys education was the amount paid to teachers of music and geometry. Cicero, on comment of Themistocles, because he could not play the Lyre, was accounted but ill-educated. (Mark, 2002)
Music has two modes of expression: Vocal utterance and gestures of the body.
Gestures Theory
Inflection
Body movement (language) can only be learned by the study of music (Mark, 2002)
Quintillian on Harmony
The Laws of Harmony are useful for stirring and soothing the emotions. The knowledge of the principles of music have the power to excite or assuage the emotions of mankind. He sites an example of the Flute Player.
While playing a song in the Phrygian mode while a priest was offering a sacrifice, the priest, driven mad by the song, threw himself over the precipice to his death. The Flute player was charged with Manslaughter. (Mark, 2002)
The musical discussion here involves Pythagorean theories of numbers as applied to the harmonic proportions of musical intervals, the souls relation to the body compared to musical proportions. The motion of each of the planets revolving about the earth produces a definite musical tone: eight spheres revolve (in this system there are nine spheres, the stationary earth included), but only seven tones are produced, since the orbits of Mercury and Venus are alike and thus make the same sound. (Somnium Scipionis)
At around age 12, those boys whose families had enough wealth moved on to learn under the grammaticus, who taught language and literature, as well as music and philosophy. At around age 16, the young Roman began his education under a rhetor, a teacher of rhetoric whose curriculum included rhythm and vocal inflection (Dobson, 1932).
In Conclusion
The study of Music was considered a critical element in a boys Liberal education which would make him a free man and a good citizen. Both practical and theoretical applications were taught, although the process evolved to a greater emphasis on the theoretical application.