Melting Point Determination using Thomas Hoover Apparatus

To determine the melting point of certain compounds using the Thomas-Hoover melting point apparatus. To assess the purity of these compounds. 01-10-14 and 01-17-14

Objectives
Brief statement of objectives.. ala ku manual ):

Theoretical Background
Phase change from solid to liquid

defined as

Melting
Kinetic Molecular Theory

Melting Range

Theoretical Background

Melting Range

Molecular Structure

affected by

Intermolecular Forces

Purity of Solids

Data and Results

Insert PAULOs graph

Unknown no. 2 (119-124 C)

119 + 124 = 2 = 121.5

Unknown no. 5 (132- 137 C)

132 + 137 = 2 = 134.5

From the graph, we have

From the graph, we have

= 55.929 1.5
where y is the temperature x & k is the knob setting

= 55.929 1.5
where y is the temperature x & k is the knob setting

We obtain,

We obtain,

= = .

= = .

Unknown no. 2 (119-124 C)

Trial 1 Melt Start Temp.=122.0 C Melt End Temp.=123.0 C Trial 2 Melt Start Temp.=121.0 C Melt End Temp.=123.0 C

Unknown no. 5 (132- 137 C)

Trial 1 Melt Start Temp.=134.0 C Melt End Temp.=135.5 C Trial 2 Melt Start Temp.=134.0 C Melt End Temp.=136.0 C

Discussion and Analysis

Noted Physical Appearance and Visual Properties of Unknowns
Unknown 2. = Unknown 5. =

Discussion and Analysis

Having calculated the optimum knob value based from the provided melting point range and the heating curve calibration, two trials for each unknown samples were performed. For the first unknown, the maximum range where the melting process was observed falls within 2 degrees Celsius as shown by the second trial (121-123) with the first trial showing only a range of 1 degree (122-123). In the aforementioned discussion of purity as based from the melting point range, where pure substances have a melting point range of 1-2 degrees Celsius, it can be deduced that Unknown 2. is a pure substance that has a melting of 121-123 degrees Celsius.

Discussion and Analysis

The second unknown is found to have a different melting point but similar melting point ranges to the first unknown, which are at 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius for the first and second trial respectively. Using the same deductions from the previous unknown substance, it is also determined that Unknown 5. is also a pure substance but with a higher melting point of 134-136 degrees Celsius. Further, combining these melting point ranges with their physical appearances and visual properties, we can trace the identity of both unknowns as (insert Unknown Identities here)

Conclusions

Molecular Symmetry Molecular Structure Size of Molecule

Packing

H-bonding

Intermolecular Forces

Dipole-dipole

London Dispersion

Pure

1-2 degrees C

Purity of solids
Impure > 1-2 degrees C