Seminar - I

Agriculture Performance- Food Security and Public Distribution System (PDS)

Major advisor Dr. H. Basavaraja

By Najath Paraveen Navalur PGS12AGR5750 UAS Dharwad

Flow of Presentation
Introduction Agriculture performance in India Food security - Dimensions of food security Projected demand & supply of food- food gap Public distribution system (pds) Case study conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Indias population is 1.25 billion. Indias food grain tonnes. production 259 million

India achieved national food self -sufficiency 35 years ago,

Yet about 35% of its population remains food insecure. Low incomes and high food prices prevent individual food security.

Another aspect of Indias food insecurity situation is that even after over three decades of operation, Public Distribution System (PDS) meets less than 10% of consumption of grains by the poor.

Indian Agriculture Sector

Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. Around 58% Agriculture. population of India depends on

Produces 51 major Crops. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. India is the leading producer of Jute, pulses mangoes, bananas, cashew nuts and ginger..

Second largest producer of wheat, paddy sugar, cotton, fruits and vegetables.

Agriculture accounts for 10% of the total exports earning and provide raw material to a large number of industries. India ranks among worlds 5 largest producers of over 80% of agriculture commodity viz coffee, cotton, livestock and poultry meat.

Contributes 16% to GDP.

Success story of Indian Agriculture

Prior mid-1960s India relied on imports (PL-480).

Punjab led India's green revolution.

A hectare of Indian wheat farms that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948, produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land.

By 2000, Indian farms adopted wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare.

Agriculture productivity in India, growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010

Crop Average YIELD, 1970-1971 Kg/ha Rice Wheat 1123 1307 Average YIELD, 1990-1991 Kg/ha 1740 2281 Average YIELD, 20102011 Kg/ha 2240 2938

Pulses Oilseeds
Sugarcane Tea Cotton

524 579
48322 1182 106

578 771
65395 1652 225

689 1325
68596 1669 510

Mile Stones in Agricultural Development

Special programmes were undertaken to improve food cash crops supply Grow more food campaign (1940). and

Integrated production and cash crops.

programmes (1950) focused on food

Five year plans of India- oriented towards agriculture development. Land reclamation, land development, mechanization, electrification, use of fertilizers, chemicals. Green revolution(1960). Yellow revolution (1986-1990). Operation Flood(1970-1996). Blue revolution (1973-2002).

Total Output in last five years

155 150
Growth only 2 %

Agriculture Output in USD(b)

145 140

135
130 125 120 115

FY07

FY08

FY09

FY10

FY11

FY12

Value In USD (b)

Source: Ministry of Agriculture

Agriculture contribution to GDP

14.8% 14.6% 14.4% 14.2% 14.0% 13.8% 13.7 14.01

Contribution to GDP in %

13.6%
13.4% 13.2% 2009-10 Source: Ministry of Agriculture 2010-11
Years

2011-12

2012-13

Indias food grain (rice, wheat, coarse grains and pulses) production.
Year Food production

1950-51
1960-61 1970-71

50.8mt
82mt 108.4mt

1980-81
1990-91 2000-01 2011-12 2012-13
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, India

129.6mt
176.4mt 196.8mt 259mt 255mt

Food grain production in India

Year 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Rice 84.98 93.34 71.82 88.53 83.13 91.79 Wheat 69.68 72.77 65.76 72.16 68.64 69.35 Other cereals 31.07 33.37 26.06 37.59 33.46 34.08 Pulses 11.08 13.37 11.13 14.91 13.13 13.38

(million tones)
Total food grains 196.81 212.85 174.77 213.19 198.36 208.60 Increase per year 8.1 -17.8 21.98 -6.95 5.2

2006-07
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

93.36
96.69 99.18 89.09 95.98 105.30 104.40

75.81
78.57 80.68 80.80 86.87 94.88 92.46

33.91
40.76 40.04 33.56 43.4 42.02 40.05

14.20
14.76 14.57 14.66 18.24 17.09 18.45

217.28
230.78 234.47 218.11 244.49 259.29 255.36

4.2
6.2 1.6 -7.0 12.2 6.1 -1.5

Source: Economic survey, 2011-12

Crops

Rice Wheat Jowar Bajra Maize Ragi Small millets Barley Coarse cereals

Average Annual growth rate 10th plan (2002-03 to 2006-07) Area Production Yield -0.39 1.25 1.17 1.30 1.11 -0.32 -0.89 2.07 -2.84 1.67 17.12 7.28 3.77 4.02 -0.15 -5.52 -2.67 0.40 -5.03 -2.49 2.32 -0.28 -1.21 -0.90 2.55 1.75 -0.26 1.21 4.70 1.06 2.66 1.29 4.90 3.61 3.64 11.55 13.83 12.26 7.99 20.01 -0.38 0.74 0.28 -0.41 0.65 0.59 0.66 4.32 0.51 3.24 0.37 6.18 3.53 19.40 1.49

Average Annual growth rate 11th plan (2007-08 to 2011-12) Area Production Yield 0.18 2.69 2.41 1.31 4.61 3.29 -3.00 3.26 -5.71 -1.38 7.84 8.64 2.16 8.90 6.74 0.41 8.11 6.66 -4.42 -0.13 4.08 0.61 6.32 4.64 5.68 7.27 -1.59

Total cereals 0.07 Gram 3.60 Tur 1.38 Total pulses 1.31 Total food grains 0.29 Sugar cane 3.98 Ground nut -1.65 Seasamum 0.98 Rape and mustard 7.32 Sunflower 14.04 Soyabean 5.80 Total nine oilseeds 3.55 Cotton 0.57 Jute Source: Indiastat.com -1.82

-0.03
2.32 3.13 1.36

0.19
0.04 -0.86 2.42 -1.69 -18.74 4.00 -0.07

5.97
0.47

3.79 4.62 4.84 4.28 3.80 0.99 15.82 8.28 -0.37 -14.46 7.71 5.54 10.46 1.26

3.76 2.27 1.54 2.78 3.55 0.87 13.91 5.30 0.76 6.20 3.90 5.32 3.93 0.62

Growth rates of Population and net food grain production

Years Population (In million) Net production of food grains (in million tons) 48.1 72.0 94.9 CGR per decade of the growth of population 1.99 2.23 CGR per decade of the growth of food grains 4.12 2.80

1951 1961 1971

363.2 442.4 551.3

1981
1991

688.5
851.7

113.4
154.3

2.25
2.15

1.80
3.13

2001
2011 Average S.D C.V

1027
1210.2 733.47 28.9 39.40

172.2
210.2 123.59 53.57 43.34

1.95
1.65 -

1.10
2.89 -

Source: The relevance of the concept of food security in the context of the Indian Economy, Dhirendra Nath Konar, 2012

Supply-Demand Gap for selected Food Item (million metric tones)

Gap (Supply-Demand)
Food items 2011 Rice Wheat Total cereals Pulses Edible oil 1.26 21.21 21.19 -8.05 -6.66 2021 8.98 27.33 -2.94 -24.92 -17.68 2026 9.13 32.04 -16.97 -39.31 -26.99

Sugar
Source: Surabi (2011)

-4.31

-39.67

-74.13

Per cent annual growth rate of projected supply and demand

Food items Rice Demand 1.55 Supply 1.01

Wheat Total cereals Pulses Edible oil Sugar

Source: Surabi (2011)

1.42 3.17 6.51 5.95 8.22

1.34 1.45 0.91 2.13 0.14

Food Security:
According to FAO (Food security) All people at all time have both physical and economic access to the basic food they need.
WORLD BANK DEFINITION (1986):

Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Its essential elements are the availability of food and the ability to acquire it The World Food Summit of 1996 food security exists when all people, at all times have physical, social, economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.

Food Security ensured in the country only if Enough food is available for all the persons.(Food

Availability)
There is no barrier on access to food (FOOD ACCESS)
Food Availability

Food Security

All persons have the capacity to buy food of acceptable quality(FOOD Utilization) and

Food Access

Food Utilization

Food security is a complex sustainable development issue.

Why India still not achieved food security?????

Growing population Shifting of food grains area to non food grains areas. Worrisome of food inflation The sick public distribution system Food subsidies Climate change
18

Why food security is needed?

Ever growing population.
0

For the poor section of the society.

Natural disasters or natural calamity like earthquake, flood and tsunami. Wide spread of crop failure due to drought.

Stark realities of India

India

has 872.9 (29%) million undernourished people(FAO) 49% of the world's underweight children(WHO) 34% of the world's stunted children (WHO) over 46% undernourished children (WHO). According to latest GHI report 2012 from IFPRI, India ranks 65 behind china (2nd) and Pakistan (57th).

major States at hunger index and the underlying components

State Prevalence of calorie Under weight undernourishment (%) children below 5 years (%) 11.1 28.6 19.6 14.6 15.1 29.1 14.0 18.5 14.5 27.0 28.1 21.4 23.3 23.3 17.3 19.6 23.4 20.0 24.6 22.7 32.7 36.4 39.7 30 40.4 38.5 42.3 36.7 37.6 40.9 44.7 47.6 56.1 57.1 59.8 42.5 Under 5 mortality rates (deaths per hundred Lives) 5.2 1.6 6.3 8.5 5.2 3.5 8.5 5.9 9.6 4.7 5.5 9.1 6.1 9.0 8.5 9.3 9.4 7.4 Indian state hunger index rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Punjab Kerala AP Assam Haryana Tamilnadu Rajasthan West Bengal UP Maharashtra Karnataka Orissa Gujarat Chhattisgarh Bihar Jharkhand MP India

Food insecurity will result in Starvation

Famines and starvation deaths in India

Bengal famine 1943- killed 1.5 million to 3 million people.

Bihar famine 1966-67 2353 deaths due to starvation

Starvation deaths have also been reported in 1. Kalahandi and Kashipur in Orissa 2. Baran district of Rajasthan. 3. Palamau district of Jharkhand

According to report of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, number of hungry people in India had been:

1979-81: 261.5 million (38%)

1990-92: 215.6 million (25%)

1998-2000: 233.3 million (24%) 2000-2012: 300 million (30%)

26

Several schemes started to achieve food security are:

The Food for Work Programme was started in 1977-78.
In September 2001, different programmes were merged into an umbrella programme called SGRY (Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana Comprehensive Rural Employment Scheme)
In February 2006, a National Rural Employment Guarantee (NREG) scheme was launched in 200 most backward rural districts under NREG Act passed by the Parliament. The Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission,

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana with an outlay of Rs. 25000 crore

National Food Security Mission with an outlay of about Rs. 6,000 crore

Food security Management in India Procurement of food grains from farmers remunerative prices.(Procurement price/MSP) at

Distribution of food grains to the consumers, particularly the vulnerable sections of the society at affordable prices through PDS and
Maintenance of food buffers for food security and price stability.

Public Distribution System (PDS)

Definition: Public distribution system is a government-sponsored chain of shops (Fair price shops) entrusted with the work of distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the needy sections of the society at very cheap prices.

The Indian PDS is a national food security system that distributed subsidized food to Indias poor. PDS means distribution of essential commodities to a large number of people through a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS) on recurring basis.

The commodities distributed are as follows: Wheat Rice

Sugar
Kerosene
In India there are about 4.5 lakh Fair price Shops distributing food grains to about 16 crore families spending more than Rs.30,000 crore.

Each shop covers about 2000 people. PDS in India perhaps

the largest distribution network of its type in the world.

PDS Evolution in India

At the time of world war II British government introduced the first structured public distribution of cereals in India through the rationing system in Bombay and Calcutta.

In 1943 India abolished the rationing system.

After independence in 1950 due to inflationary pressure in the economy, India reintroduced rationing .

Due to the ineffectiveness of Rationing System to reach the poor.

Contd
Revamped Public distribution System (RPDS) was launched on Jan 1 1992 and made effective from June 1, 1992, in selected blocks (1775 blocks).

In June, 1997, Targeted Public distribution system (TPDS) was launched. To target the needy people and provide them an assured supply of food grains.
In TPDS the main aim was to target the poor in all areas. The distribution of food grains operated under two tier system of delivery to households Below poverty line (BPL) Above poverty line (APL)

In December 2000, Antyodaya Anna Yojana Annapurna Scheme

In August 2001, Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (integrated rural employment scheme) - five million tons

Mid day meal scheme , wheat based nutrition programmes, scheme for supply of food grains to SC/ST.

Indias Food Security System

Buffer Stock

Food Security system of India

Public Distribution System

How Public Distribution works:

Farmers or Producers Consumer

Grains

MSP

Distributes Grains

Allocates Grains FCI (Maintains Buffer Stocks) Central Issue Price States

Stock position of food grains in the central pool vis--vis minimum buffer norms (Lakh tones)
Wheat As On Actual stock 161.25 335.84 277.77 215.40 153.64 371.79 314.26 256.76 199.52 Minimum Buffer norms 70 201 140 112 70 201 140 112 70 Actual stock 267.13 242.66 184.44 255.80 288.20 268.57 203.59 297.18 333.50 Rice Minimum Buffer norms 142 118 72 138 142 118 72 138 142 Actual stock 428.38 578.50 462.21 471.20 441.84 640.36 517.85 553.94 533.02 Total Minimum Buffer norms 212 319 212 250 212 319 212 250 212

1.4.2010 1.7.2010 1.10.2010 1.1.2011 1.4.2011 1.7.2011 1.10.2011 1.1.2012 1.4.2012

1.7.2012
1.10.2012 1.1.2013

498.08
431.53 343.83

201
140 112

307.08
233.73 322.21

118
72 138

805.16
665.26 666.04

319
212 250

Source: Food, Civil supplies and consumer affairs

Quantum of food subsidies released by government of India

Year
2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Amount(crore)
17,494.00 24,176.45 25,160.00 25,746.45 23,071.00

% of Total Govt
Expenditure
3.61 4.83 5.17 6.21 7.02

2006-07
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

23,827.00
31,259.68 43,668.08 58,242.45 62,929.56 72,370.00

7.90
8.46 9.60 10.42 13.20 14.12

Source: Department of food and public distribution.

Allocation and off take of rice and wheat for the year 2012-13 under TPDS (in tones)
States AP Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana HP J&K Jharkhand Allotment Off take

BPL
175.348 4.254 79.204 281.562 80.948 18.166 0.922 91.728 34.762 22.190 33.616 103.328

AAY
109.048 2.664 49.282 175.070 50.324 10.514 1.018 56.680 20.470 13.790 17.898 64.254

APL
352.740 10.010 185.990 160.680 76.080 71.190 8.566 199.110 70.770 52.010 74.620 58.860

TOTAL
637.136 16.926 314.476 617.312 207.352 99.820 10.506 347.518 126.002 87.990 126.134 226.442

BPL
219.00 4.336 77.737 301.501 78.519 21.927 0.922 98.389 34.960 20.854 34.894 98.235

AAY
138.263 2.631 48.242 204.842 50.324 8.942 1.018 65.084 18.152 13.769 19.055 62.575

APL
245.779 9.367 150.401 33.378 66.516 79.010 9.927 119.022 35.658 52.876 82.199 0.955

TOTAL
603.142 16.604 276.380 539.721 195.359 109.879 11.867 282.495 88.770 87.509 136.148 161.766

Karnataka
Kerala MP Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim TN Tripura UP Uttarakand West Bengal A & N islands Chandigarh D & N haveli Damen and Diu Lakshadweep Source:. Pondicherry

139.410
67.058 178.036 284.904 7.168 7.896 2.940 5.352 194.262 20.196 104.922 1.884 209.872 12.730 460.950 21.498 258.930 0.890 0.626 0.838 0.174 0.126 Food, Civil supplies 3.594

79.635
41.710 110.710 172.480 4.454 4.914 1.820 3.328 88.520 12.560 65.248 1.159 130.524 7.920 286.580 13.364 103.614 0.300 0.104 0.366 0.106 0.084 and consumer 2.258

189.242
136.680 167.340 335.790 16.870 18.620 6.930 12.466 83.214 105.240 193.080 4.340 280.076 29.890 463.890 52.470 280.322 4.480 5.400 0.540 0.662 2.560 affairs 4.200

408.288
245.448 456.085 793.174 28.492 31.430 11.690 21.146 365.996 137.995 363.250 7.380 620.472 50.540

150.498
77.780 170.136 299.549 7.531 8.271 2.790 6.775 194.262 12.568 101.948 2.340 229.266 13.056 455.633 23.119 279.755 0.679 0.313 0.840 0.202 0 4.296

85.486
46.998 92.999 181.040 4.524 5.187 1.720 4.524 84.429 6.032 64.014 1.156 150.537 8.559 301.191 12.054 85.637 0.210 0.010 0.355 0.137 0 2.379

196.331
155.214 71.309 188.614 19.914 19.661 6.691 15.156 70.652 68.956 196.184 4.409 261.334 31.670 360.256 54.534 266.953 1.772 5.214 0.540 0.654 1.100 3.513

457.315
279.992 337.445

669.203
31.959 33.119 11.201 26.455 349.343 87.556 362.146 7.905 641.137 53.285

1211.420
87.332 642.855 5.670 6.130 1.744 0.942 2.770 10.052

1117.080
89.707 632.345 2.661 5.537 1.746 0.993 1.100 10.188

Status of PDS in Karnataka

In Karnataka there are about 21026 active fair price shops.
Exclusion Error Due to miss classification 4.2 lakh household Due to maladministration 1.6 lakh household Inclusion Error Due to mis classification 52.3 lakh household Due to maladministration 6.6 lakh household

Karnataka issued 1.6 crore ration card but the present total number of family in the state is only 1.2 crore. that means 40 lakh ghost cards. Karnatakas PDS system occur an monthly leakage of Rs. 144.8crore.

Currently Karnataka food bill is issued under this Anna Bhagya Scheme was introduced spending about Rs 460 crore a year.

Magnitude of loss at different levels of PDS in Karnataka.

Source: Dr.R.Balasubramaniam, 2012

Off take of Rice and wheat during 2012-13 by Karnataka

In Tonnes
Scheme (A)TPDS AAY BPL APL Sub Total Special/Adhoc Poorest districts Sub Total (A) (B) Welfare Schemes MDM WBNP EFP Hostels/Welfare Institutions Annapurna other Sub total (B) (C) other schemes WEF, RELIEF,DEFENCE etc Open sale/tender sale/export Sub total(C) Grand total (A+B+C) Rice 51.31 86.82 52.95 191.08 14.38 13.06 218.52 15.33 1.88 0.13 1.78 0.39 0.19 19.70 1.53 0.46 1.99 240.21 Wheat 25.34 49.82 74.81 150.01 7.76 6.71 164.44 3.27 6.31 0.00 0.22 0.10 0.47 10.39 0.10 56.42 56.52 231.35 Total 76.65 136.64 127.75 341.08 22.14 19.77 382.95 18.60 8.19 0.13 2.00 0.49 0.66 30.09 1.63 56.88 58.51 471.56

Source: Karnataka Food, Civil supplies and consumer affairs

Leakages from PDS

Type of leakage
Total leakage Abnormal leakage Very high leakage Low leakage Leakage at fair price shop Very high leakages High leakage Moderate leakage Low leakage Leakage through ghost card Very high Leakage High leakage Moderate leakage

Percent
>70 % 25-50% <25 % >50% 25-50% 10-25 % <10% >30% 10-50% <10%

States
Bihar and Punjab Assam, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Rajasthan AP, Kerala, Orissa, TN and west Bengal Bihar, Haryana and Punjab UP & Rajasthan Bihar, Gujarat, KTK, Maharashtra,Orissa,TN and West Bengal Assam,HP,MP, Orissa,TN & West Bengal. Assam,HP &MP. Bihar, Gujarat,Ktk,Maharashtra, Orissa, Uttarpradesh and west Bengal AP,Haryana,Kerala,Punjab, Rajasthan and TN

Source: Food Security in India: Biswajit Chaterjee,2012

Diversion of Food grains

State
AP Assam Bihar Gujarat Haryana HP KTK

(kg/BPL Family/annum)
Food Grains not reaching the poor house hold
268.51 263.44 125.89 150.77 277.37 226.08 340.89

Off take by States

466.16 490.76 138.13 320.24 416.16 492.22 480.80

Off-take by identified BPL families

197.62 227.32 12.24 169.47 138.79 266.14 139.91

Kerala
MP Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan TN UP West Bengal 16 states total

407.58
365.57 347.29 276.37 364.24 366.53 525.95 285.16 336.78 380.00

248.58
124.04 227.27 175.88 38.25 238.43 181.14 92.73 246.19 160.25

159.00
241.53 120.02 100.49 326.00 128.10 344.81 192.43 90.59

219.75

The Major reasons for leakage are:

Inclusion Error Ghost Cards Shadow Ownership Non-accountability of FPS

Fallouts of P.D.S.
Inferior quality food grains. Deceitful dealers replace good supplies received from the F.C.I(Food Corporation of India) with inferior stock and sell FCI stock in the black market. Illicit fair price shop owners have been found to create large number of bogus cards to sell food grains in the open market. Many FPS dealers resort to malpractice, illegal diversions of commodities, hoarding and black marketing due to the minimal salary received by them. Regional allocation and coverage of FPS are unsatisfactory and the core objective of price stabilization of essential commodities has not met.

Aadhaar and PDS: The Primary Focus

What is Aadhaar?
Demographic features like Name, Address, Gender and Date of birth Unique identification called Aadhaar Biometric features

Iris

Finger print

Aadhaar can be a potent tool for the government in making the PDS effective in these identified area in the following manner:
One Aadhaar one beneficiary Aadhaar as sufficient Proof of Identity(POI) and Proof of Address (POA), these individuals can provided with ration cards.

Portability in Identification
Address the issues of leakages and proxy withdrawals.

Flexibility

Aadhaar in Karnataka
In Karnataka about 103 Biometric Machines are introduced Each machine costs about 46,000

Karnataka in total spending about 97 crore to install biometric machine in all fair price shops
Bio-metric machine

Case Study

Case study I

Role and Effectiveness of Public Distribution System in providing Food Security in India
Ms. Gurdeep kaur Ghumaan and Dr. Pawan Kumar Dhiman June 2013

Objective of the study:

1. To study the performance and challenges of food security in India. 2. Role and Effectiveness of Public Distribution System in providing Food security in India.

Nature of Data
Secondary data were collected from NSSO( National Sample Survey Organisation) . Information on purchases of rice, wheat, sugar, and kerosene from fair price shops were also collected.

Study area
The study was conducted all over India.

Per capita consumption and percentage of households reporting consumption from PDS of rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene in 2004-05 and 2009-10, all-India
2009-10 Per capita consumption(kg) % share of PDS in qty. PDS Other consumed 3 1.408 0.619 0.097 4 4.594 3.625 0.563 5 23.5 14.6 14.7 2004-05 Per capita consumption(kg) PDS 6 0.839 0.307 0.062 Other source 7 5.537 3.885 0.587 % of hhs reporting % share of consn. From PDS PDS in during 30 days qty. consumed 2009-10 2004-05 8 13.2 7.3 9.6 9 39.1 27.6 27.6 10 24.4 11.0 15.9

Sector Item

2 Rice Wheat/atta

Rural Sugar

Kerosene
Rice Wheat/atta Urban

0.511
0.814 0.371

0.081
3.706 3.706

86.3
18.0 9.1

0.477
0.530 0.167

0.142
4.181 4.192

77.1
11.3 3.8

81.8
20.5 17.6

72.8
13.1 5.8

Sugar
Kerosene

0.080
0.295

0.700
0.169

10.3
63.6

0.054
0.350

0.763
0.268

6.6
56.6

18.7
33.0

11.5
32.8

Percentage of households reporting : Wheat, Rice , Sugar and Kerosene consumption from PDS; share of PDS in quantity consumed : major States
State Wheat share of PDS in consumption Rural Urban 5.1 7.5 1.5 1.3 5.1 2.4 39.1 17.9 15.6 5.0 14.2 8.0 20.6 4.0 51.5 13.5 39.7 33.1 21.8 13.2 32.7 8.6 17.0 10.2 14.6 9.0 10.5 6.1 85.8 64.7 6.8 7.6 41.4 11.7 14.6 9.1 Rice share of PDS in consumption Rural 32.9 11.2 5.1 41.2 20.3 0.5 14.0 45.0 27.9 20.1 34.2 24.8 0.1 0.3 52.7 17.6 6.3 23.5 Urban 21.5 5.1 2.2 25.7 5.8 0.4 7.4 17.7 24.0 8.3 7.5 13.3 0.1 0.2 40.9 7.8 2.9 18.0 Sugar share of PDS in consumption Rural 24.5 53.2 0.9 28.6 14.5 2.1 4.6 18.9 11.2 14.1 9.8 16.0 0.0 0.9 73.2 7.0 11.2 14.7 Urban 12.3 31.0 1.7 11.0 3.3 1.9 1.7 5.4 8.5 6.0 4.6 8.9 0.3 0.7 62.6 2.1 4.3 10.3 Kerosene share of PDS in consumption Rural 91.46 72.46 83.99 89.34 93.47 92.89 67.32 85.36 95.59 90.95 86.43 83.53 82.13 93.51 91.49 85.99 80.01 86.24 Urban 67.14 54.55 70.16 82.38 56.52 53.64 36.68 50.84 90.37 79.33 47.64 52.52 23.50 79.80 72.05 82.69 73.22 63.58

Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamilnadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal All India

Conclusion

Thank you