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e-lea rning

in Me di cine
Dr.T.V.R ao MD
e-Learnin g : T he C hal lenge fo r
Medi ci ne
 Learning is the sharing or transfer of information
between two parties. Over the course of time,
many modalities and theories about learning
have been elucidated with varying degrees of
effectiveness. With an increasing prevalence of
computers in and out of the classroom and the
development of more sophisticated web-based
tools, knowledge transfer is increasing going
high-tech. Similar to prior methods of teaching
and learning, computer-based, e-Learning, has
its own set of problems and potential (Don ald M.
Voltz , MD)
Need f or C han ge i n E duc ati on
 Change in Medical and Higher Education with respect to
the introduction and growth of e-learning. While the
ostensible aim is to use e-learning to improve the quality
of the learning experience for students, the drivers of
change are numerous.
 Many of us working to improve student learning, and
seeking to exploit e-learning to do so, have to ride each
new wave of technological innovation in an attempt to
divert it from its more natural course of traditional type,
and drive it towards the quality agenda.
The C onc epts of M edi cal
Edu ca ti on is C han gi ng
 Traditionally, medical education had as its
foundation a combination of didactic instruction
in the classroom and integrated, hands-on
"Socra tic Me thod " learning in the clinical
setting. Of late, there has been an increase in
the use of prob lem-ba sed l earn in g
dis cussi ons (PBLD 's ) in an effort to integrate
basic science knowledge and clinical decision
making with a goal of teaching critical decision
making skills to upcoming physicians and other
health care providers.
e-L ea rning
 e-lear ning (or sometimes El ectro nic
Lear ning or e-Le arning ) is a term
which is commonly used, but does not
have a common definition. Most frequently
it seems to be used for web-based
distance education, with no face-to-face
interaction. However, also much broader
definitions are common.
e-l ear ning s up po rted by
Te chno logy
 It may include all
types of technology-
enhanced learning
(TEL), where
technology is used to
support the learning
process. Although
pedagogy is usually
not part of the
definition, some
authors do include it
e-lea rnin g a com plex
me thod
 It is often used
interchangeably with
various other related
terms, such as distance
learning, distributed
learning, and electronic
learning. The meaning of
the term also seems to
be dependent on the
context in which it is
used. In companies, it
often refers to the
strategies that use the
company network to
deliver training courses to
employees
Defin ition and scop e
e - learning is
commonly referred to
the intentional use of
networked
information and
communications
technology in
teaching and learning.
THI NK before to become a
e-lear ner

 E-Learning is a Good
Thing
 E- Lea rni ng i s not
“Onl in e Tra in in g
 It’s utility is Value
worth time and
Manage the Learning
Processes
Why is e- learni ng im por tan t
for Stu den ts
 Internet access to digital
versions of materials
unavailable locally
 Internet access to search,
and transactional services
 Interactive diagnostic or
adaptive tutorials
 Remote control access to
local physical devices
Why is e- learni ng im por tan t
for Stu den ts
 Personalised information
and guidance for learning
support
 simulations or models of
scientific systems
 Communications tools for
collaboration with other
students and teachers
 Tools for creativity and
design
Why is e-learning important for
Students as complex matters can be
made simple
 Virtual reality
environments for
development and
manipulation
 Data analysis,
modelling or
organisation tools and
applications
 Electronic devices to
assist disabled
learners
Differs from Peda gog y
 Ped ag ogy is the art or
science of being a
teacher. The term
generally refers to
strategies of instruction,
or a style of instruction
 In st ructional th eory is
a discipline that focuses
on how to structure
material for promoting
the education of human
beings, particularly youth
e - learning misses the Human
touch
 Instructor's own
philosophical beliefs of
teaching are harboured
and governed by the
pupil's background
knowledge and
experiences, d
 However e-teaching
misses several
experiences of the
teacher
What ‘e’ letter means
 The letter “e” in e-learning stands for the
word electronic”, e-learning would
incorporate all educational activities that
are carried out by individuals or groups
working online or offline, and
synchronously or asynchronously via
networked or standalone computers and
other electronic devices.
Many constituents of e-
learning
 Onl ine l earn in g
 Virt ua l l ear nin g
 Dis trib ut ed
learni ng
 Netw ork and web
ba se d l ear nin g .

 How eve r
Tec hnolo gy
be comes bi gg er
Ind ivi dual ize d s elf-pa ced
e-lear nin g
 An individual learner is
accessing learning
resources such as a
database or course
content online via an
Intranet or the Internet
 Learner studying alone or
conducting some
research on the Internet
or a local network
Ind ivi dua lize d s elf-pa ced e-
lea rn ing o fflin e
In this method an
individual learner is using
learning resources such
as a database or a
computer-assisted
learning package offline
(i.e., while not connected
to an Intranet or the
Internet).
Can be reading a DVD or
VCD
Gr oup -ba se d e- learn ing
sy nch ron ousl y
 Groups of learners are
working together in real
time via an Intranet or
the Internet. It may
include text-based
conferencing, and one or
two-way audio and
videoconferencing
 It can be real-time chat
or an audio-
videoconference
Can b e On lin e d is cu ssions
 On-line discussions
via electronic mailing
lists and text-based
conferencing within
learning
managements
systems
Ga inin g A cc epta nce o f
Tea ch ers
 Teachers are increasingly using
information and communications
technology to support their teaching. The
contemporary student population (often
called the “Net Generation”, or
“Millennial”) who have grown up using
information and communications
technology also expect to see it being
used in their educational experiences
(Brown, 2000;Oblinger, 2003; Oblinger
and Oblinger, 2005).
Flexib le op tion t o L earn er
 The main advantage being its ability to
enable flexible access to information and
resources.
 Flexible access refers to access and use of
information and resources at a time, place
and pace that is suitable and convenient
to individual learners rather than the
teacher and/or the educational
organization.
Ch angin g d ef inition s
 It is important to realize that the term e-
learning is ambiguous. It is nearly
impossible to define what it is, as it has
different meanings to different people .
Furthermore, it is often used
interchangeably with various other related
terms, such as dista nc e learning ,
di st ribut ed lear ning , and electro nic
learning
ADVANTAGES OF e-TEACHING AID

 Using E-TEACHING AID methods, students


can state and explain the basic concepts in
the subject easily and can participate in
discussions of advanced concepts related
to the subject content. Using visualization
techniques, computer graphics images are
created. These images display the data
and the mathematical relations of the
interested subject for the interpretation,
particularly of multidimensional cases.
Wh y T eac hers cr itica l o f
e- edu ca tio n
 Many are critical of e-learning in the context of
education, because the face-to-face human
interaction with a teacher has been removed
from the process, and thus, some argue, the
process is no longer "educational" in the highest
philosophical sense (for example, as defined by
RS Peters, a philosopher of education).
However, these human interactions can be
encouraged through web-conferencing programs
such as Macromedia Breeze
Macr omedi a c rea tes events i n
Ac tion a nd A nima ti on s
 Ad obe Fl ash (previously
called Macr omed ia
Fl ash ) is a multimedia
platform Since its
introduction in 1996,
Flash has become a
popular method for
adding animation and
interactivity to web
pages. Flash is commonly
used to create animation,
e -learni ng too a par t o f
Peda go gy
 Although pedagogy is
usually not part of the
definition, some
authors do include it.
For example in this
definition, where e-
learning is said to be:
"pedagogy
empowered by digital
technology"
Te ach ers sh ould a do pt to new
opti ons.
 E- lea rni ng , therefore, is an approach to
facilitate and enhance learning through based on
both computer and communications technology.
Such devices can include personal computers,
CD ROMs, Digital Television, P.D.A.s and Mobile
Phones. Communications technology enables the
use of the Internet, email, discussion forums,
collaborative software and team learning
systems
Knowl edg e trans fer b ecom es
ea si er
 Effective knowledge transfer is of paramount
importance for the maintenance and
advancement of our health care system. In any
discipline, effective knowledge transfers consists
of delivery of factual knowledge about the topic
and exposure to tools and thinking processes
required to make critical decisions about the
information at hand. Traditional didactic lectures
address the delivery of factual knowledge;
however one can question both the effectiveness
as well as efficiency of this mode of education
E-learn ing repl aci ng
tradi tio nal ga ps i n E du cati on
 The development of sophisticated, web-
based learning platforms that are easy to
use from a student and a teacher
prospective, medical education is
beginning to embrace a new modality of
knowledge transfer. Web-based,
multimedia learning platforms bring about
numerous possibilities not easily met with
traditional didactic instruction,
Tele M ed icin e
 Te le med ici ne is a
rapidly developing
application of
clinical medicine where
medical information is
transferred through the
phone or the Internet
and sometimes other
networks for the purpose
of consulting, and
sometimes remote
medical procedures or
examinations.
Tele Medicine supported by
Internet
 The Internet has
revolutionized many
aspects of our life. Like
many other fields,
telemedicine has
benefited from the
ubiquitous access to
(medical) knowledge
granted by the Internet.
A patient can be
monitored without
needing to be moved to a
health-care centre.
Te le M edici ne Dep ends o n
Tel ecomm uni ca ti on
 Telemedicine may be as simple
as two health professionals
discussing a case over the
telephone, or as complex as
using satellite technology and
video-conferencing equipment
to conduct a real-time
consultation between medical
specialists in two different
countries. Telemedicine
generally refers to the use of
communications and
information technologies for
the delivery of clinical car
Tele M edi cin e f uncti ons…
 Telemedicine system consists of customized
medical software integrated with computer
hardware, along with medical diagnostic
instruments connected to the commercial VSAT
(Very Small Aperture Terminal) at each location.
Generally, the medical record/history of the
patient is sent to the Specialist Doctors, who will
in-turn study and provide diagnosis and
treatment during video-conference with the
patient's end.
In di a’s T el emedi ci ne Net wo rk
Get ti ng f ee dba ck f rom
Learners
 Assessment
activities are most
effective when
they are
accompanied with
feedback. The
feedback can be
used to correct
errors in
performance,
feedback is more
effective when it
follows a student
Mod era tion f rom S tu den t
learni ng
 Moderation of the learning process
comprises supporting learning with the
help of a variety of instructional
interventions. It is an integral part of any
educational context and is often carried
out by teachers and tutors as well as
students themselves. Moderation of
learning can serve several purposes. One
of its most important functions is the
provision of feedback on learning.
Real Time Moderations
 E-moderation refers to the acts of managing,
facilitating and engendering group based
computer-mediated communication (CMC). Such
communication can be synchronous or
asynchronous. In the synchronous mode, even
though the participants may be physically
separated from one another, the communication
takes place in real time (i.e., they are logged on
at the same time and reacting to each other’s
comments as soon as these are received).
Sync hro nous c om mun ica ti on
 Synchronous computer-mediated
communication is quite like a telephone
conversation except that the
communication channel in the former is
normally text-based while in the latter it is
voice-based. Synchronous voice-based
communication that is mediated by
computers is becoming possible with Voice
over Internet software.
Technology Aids e -learning
 There are primarily three ways in which technology aid
the process of education and learning:
A. Accesses to information - Thousand of pages of
information are available on almost every topic on the
World Wide Web.
 B. Computing power - A range of simulations and
personalized tools can be created to aid the learning
process of students.
 C. Connectivity – Connectivity to experts and peers
around the globe, helping the student in problem solving
and building exposure and perspective.
e-learning in University Education
 E-learning has been used very effectively in
university teaching for enhancing the traditional
forms of teaching and administration. Students
on many courses in many universities now find
they have web access to the lecture notes and
selected digital resources in support of their
study, they have personalised web environments
in which they can join discussion forums with
their class or group, and this new kind of access
gives them much greater flexibility of study.
Ch ang es i n U ni versi ti es f or
ad optio n to e- learn ing an d
tea ch ing
 Change in universities is an aspect of their
organisation, and again, the opportunities
of the new learning technologies,
including all their capabilities for
information processing, communications,
mass participation, design, and creativity,
support the kind of system structure that
would enable change to be organic and
progressive – adaptive rather than
mechanistic.
e-learning in University Education
 E-learning could do more. The interactive
computer could be used to give students
an alternative to writing as a form of
active participation in knowledge-building.
It can model real-world systems and
transactions, and can therefore create an
environment in which learners can
explore, manipulate, and experiment
e- Learning Model Outcomes

 Increased student learning


 Curricular emphasis on civic engagement
 Promotion of university partnership goals
 Improvement of student job readiness
 Enhanced relationship between the
educational institution and the community
Outcom es Con tin ued
 Create opportunities for community
organizations that may be geographically or
structurally challenged to accommodate
traditional learning
 Expand possibilities for students to gain real
world experience at a variety of organizations
 Expand potential community partnerships for the
university or college
 Reduce geographic constraints for students and
partner participants
Student Outcomes Associated with
e - Lear ni ng
 Students are exposed to aspects of a subject that cannot
be taught in the classroom or from a textbook
 Students apply their knowledge in the real world, but in
a supervised context
 Students gain a sense of civic responsibility that will be
useful in their careers and in their personal lives as well
 Students make contacts in the community that may
serve as future job prospects
 Students augment their resumes with “real” experience
 Students grow intellectually through structured reflection
Student O utco mes Co ntin ued

 Gain experience in e-communication skills in a


workplace setting
 Augment their skill sets in team management by
working on a virtual team
 Gain opportunities to work in organizations that
would not otherwise be available because of
distance and geography
 Permi ts st ud ent s w it h di sa bi lit ies or
physi cally cha ll enged to pa rt ici pa te ful ly
St uden t O utcomes Continued

 Minimizes scheduling conflicts for students


 Become more versatile because of opportunities
to work in many different sites and types of
organizations
 Become more marketable because of versatility
and also because of acquiring experience in
working asynchronously
 Demonstrate proficiency in e-service learning,
which may be attractive to future employers that
value community service and linkages
Faculty Outcomes Associated with
e - Learning
 Faculty gain experience in exploring new and innovative
methods of teaching
 Faculty enhance their connections with working
professionals in the field
 Faculty members increase their opportunities for
engaging in research, including field research and
pedagogical inquiry as well as service activities
 Faculty members increase their understanding of
teaching by observing their students applying theory and
concepts in the real world
 Faculty gain opportunities to participate in grant
activities for projects
Technological Tools Suggested for
E-Service Learning Activities
 Chat Rooms
 White Boards
 Discussion Boards
 Videoconferencing
 Internal Email
 Document Camera
 Digital Video
Streaming
 PowerPoint with
Audio
 e-learning gaining popularity in
undergraduate curriclua
Greenhalgh T. CAL in undergraduate medical education BMJ 2001;76:852-5

 Educationalists have been encouraged


to evaluate the impact of e-learning in
the medical setting.
Cook J. The role of virtual learning environments in UK medical Education.
2001;

 However, evidence limited in


effectiveness of e-learning in basic
clinical skills learning
Information can be delivered
without constrains with Multimedia
 We are no longer
constrained to a given
time or location to deliver
information and interact
with students on a given
topic. We can engage
students using
multimedia material has
the added advantage of
covering the many
learning styles present in
the diverse student
population in the ever
grwoing medical
specialities
Time is Important factor in Health
related Problems
 He alt h Ca re Authorities
suffer from the same
problems as large
companies: large
amounts of information
to deal with in a very
limited amount of time.
Of course, hosp ita ls and
he al th ca re
professionals have the
additional burden of
having people’s lives
depend on the
information in their
system Clarity Content
WW W m akes every th ing a
Reality
 With the introduction of the Internet and the
World Wide Web, distance education was
transformed (Lau, 2000), and instructors were
able to teach courses online. E-education is a
form of distance education in which teachers
and students can be separated by time and
space (Belanger & Jordan, 2000). Here,
educators utilize the WWW on the Internet as a
medium or an intranet. An intranet is a network
operating on a server within an organization.
Implementation e-teaching can be
Frustrating but can be Rewarding
 E-teaching can be an overwhelming task
at the beginning. Faculty members who
are being asked to move their courses to
the Web are either excited about the task
or fear the new environment. Hopefully,
the strategies presented in this article will
make the switch to online teaching more
manageable and instructors will enjoy
teaching on the Web. Teaching online can
be rewarding for instructors.
Accepta nce to e-edu cati on to
be A da pti ve
 Change in universities is an aspect of their
organisation, and again, the opportunities of the
new learning technologies, including all their
capabilities for information processing,
communications, mass participation, design, and
creativity, support the kind of system structure
that would enable change to be organic and
progressive – adaptive rather than mechanistic.
(E- Lea rning in High er Edu ca tio Diana Laurillard)
Wh ich lea rnin g i s Bet ter
 Ne wer tec hn ologi es a re not nec ess ari ly
bet ter than t ra dit iona l met hods of
teachi ng …..th e choice of t ec hno logy
nee ds to be d ri ve n by t he l earn er, not by
its n ove lty… ..”
 Ba tes A W . Technology, open learning and distance education.
London: Routledge 1995.
Created for Awarness to
Medical and Paramedical
Students in Developing
World
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Email
doctortvrao@gmail.com

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