Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By A.K. Sengupta National Professional Officer Sustainable Development & Healthy Environment World Health Organization, India Country Office, New Delhi January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
The First Municipal Act of 1842, gave the responsibility for municipal solid waste (MSW) management in India to urban local bodies (ULBs). This was further reiterated under the 74th Constitutional Amendment of 1992. In 1995, a plague in Surat brought the criticality of this function back into focus and led to a series of reform measures in the sector since then.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Hazardous Wastes ( Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2003 notified by Ministry of Environment and Forests also includes the following :
Bio-medical wastes covered under the Bio-Medical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 made under the Act;
Wastes covered under the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 made under the Act; and
The Lead acid batteries covered under the Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules , 2001 made under the Act.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
3. Cleaning, emptying and maintenance of 4. Petroleum refining/re-refining of used petroleum oil storage tanks including ships oil/recycling of waste oil 5. Industrial operations using minerals/synthetic oil ass lubricant in hydraulic systems or other applications 7. Primary production of zinc/lead/copper and other non-ferrous metals except aluminium 9. Secondary production of lead 11. Production of primary and secondary aluminium 13. Production of iron and steel including other ferrous alloys (electric furnaces;steel rolling and finishingh mills; Coke oven and by product plant)
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
10. Production and/or use of cadmium and arsenic and their compounds 12. Metal surface treatment, such as etching, staining, polishing, galvanising, cleaning, degreasing, plating, etc 14. Hardening of steel
24. Production of canvas and textiles 26. Production or industrial use of synthetic dyes, dye-intermediates and pigments 28. Production/formulation of drugs/pharmaceuticals
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Vegetables
Dust, ash, other materials Plastic, leather, rubber Textiles
25
18 7 3
49
38 1 3
67
10 <0.5 7
16
78 0.5 0.5
Glass
Metals Paper Wood
n.a.: data not available
10
8 29 n.a.
1
1 7 n.a.
1
5 7 3
0.5
0.5 2 2
The production of household and municipal waste continues to increase worldwide, both in absolute and per capita terms. Estimated typical municipal waste production per capita increases with rising average income.
Typical quantities of municipal waste production per capita Type of country Waste generation (kg/capita/day) High-income countries Middle-income countries 0.8 to 3.0 0.5 to 0.9
Low-income countries
Source: based on data from UNCHS, 1996b
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
0.3 to 0.6
In a developing country city, waste production may amount to only 0.3 kg/person/day in a poor neighbourhood, but up to 1.0 kg/person/day in a wealthy neighbourhood (UNCHS, 1996b) In India we produce less than 0.5 kg / person /day in most of the cities. About 65% of urban municipal solid waste is biodegradable and can be composted to generate organic manure. 25% is recyclable, only 10% is not recyclable and therefore needs to be sent for dumping or for incinerators
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
If wastes are not disposed of adequately or remain untreated, microbiological and/or chemical pollutants may affect land and air, or enter surface and groundwaters. Such pollution is rarely assessed since many sources and pollutants are often involved. Moreover, assessment is difficult because the environmental distribution and fate of such pollutants are highly complex.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Recycling
Recycling is an essential element of sustainable waste handling. In India it has been practised for decades, largely for economic reasons, but increasingly in response to environmental considerations. The best known examples include reuse of scrap metal, reuse of metals, paper recycling and compositing of organic waste. Conversion of waste products into products for use in other sectors is also growing. In some countries including India, construction materials for roads and buildings are increasingly made from recycled waste products such as incinerators ashes and shredded automobile tyres. In India and other developing countries recycling often takes the form of scavenging, but this exposes waste handlers to numerous health hazards. However, since it also provides income for many poorer social groups its abolition and prohibition will prove difficult.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
The health risks of uncollected solid waste are obviously most severe for those actually living in unserved areas. Notably, people are at risk of injury, intoxication or infection since they are likely to be exposed to uncollected waste in streets or at unofficial dump sites. Uncollected organic domestic wastes in particular pose serious health risks since they ferment, creating conditions favourable to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens, and especially if they become intermixed with human excreta due to poor sanitation. Organic wastes also provide feeding stock and a natural environment for insects, rodents and other animals which are potential carriers of enteric pathogens. Uncollected solid wastes can also obstruct storm-water run-off, resulting in flooding or creation of stagnant water bodies which become habitats and breeding places for water borne vectors of tropical diseases.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Groundwater used for drinking purposes for instance, can become chemically or microbiologically polluted if wastes are disposed of in or near water sources. Direct dumping of untreated solid wastes in rivers, lakes or seas can also result in accumulation of toxic substances in the food-chain due to their uptake by plants and animals. Infectious diseases spread by poorly-managed solid waste are listed in table below.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Diseases by cause
Virus
Hepatitis B Hepatitis C AIDS Trachoma* Conjunctivitis Pneumonia Pneumonia Dengue Yellow fever Plague Rabies Malaria filariasis Schistosomiasis Leishmaniasis Hydatidosis Mycosis
Parasite/fungus
Vectors living or breeding in Waste-generated ponds Stray animals and rodents Feeding on waste
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
incineration operators especially are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including cancer resulting from exposure to dust and hazardous compounds
ACCIDENTS
musculoskeletal disorders resulting from the handling of heavy containers wounds, most often infected resulting from contact with sharp items poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous chemical waste mixed with general waste burns and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or from methane gas explosion at landfill sites.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Electronic Waste
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
How much waste is in 500 million computers? Plastics Lead 6.32 Billion Pounds 1.58 Billion Pounds
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Mercury Waste
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Instrument manufacturing
- Clinical
Others
- Batteries - Cosmetics
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Health-care Sources of Mercury Medical waste incineration, open burning, burning in barrels, gasification, pyrolysis etc Thermometers Sphygmomanometers Dental amalgam Gastrointestinal tubes Laboratory chemicals Pharmaceutical products Electrical appliances
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Occupational Safety
Low risk perception High spill rates In-house calibration No accident reporting Handled carelessly, no protective gear
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Profile of Kanchrapara
In Kanchrapara, the inadequacy of financial resources with the Municipality necessitated the development of a low cost service delivery model that could be implemented by the people themselves. Location: Municipality town located about 48 km from Kolkata in North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal Area: 3.07 sq. km. (plus 6 sq. km. under the management of Indian Railways) No. of Wards: 19 (plus 5 under the management of Indian Railways) Population (2001): 126000 (of which approximately 84,000 is under the Kanchrapara Municipality) BPL population: Approximately 20 percent Quantity of solid waste generated: Approximately 40 MT per day
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Institutional Arrangements
Kanchrapara Municipality
Conservancy department
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
4.5 45-90
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Implementation Strategy
Launched in December 2002, the program was implemented on a ward wise basis, with the ward of the Vice Chairman, Kanchrapara Municipality, serving as the pilot. Towards end- January 2003, the Municipal Board adopted the necessary guidelines to run SWM committees at the municipal and ward levels. By March 2005, 15 wards (out of 19) had adopted the program1 To overcome the initial reluctance to pay service charges, the new SWM system was operated free of charge for the first two months in each ward. No willingness to pay study, however, was done to arrive at the tariff structure. Instead, a brief consultation exercise using local wisdom led to the formulation of the differentiated rate structure. The program did not meet with any resistance from the Municipality staff, since there were no retrenchments under the program
1 The remaining four were undertaking groundwork (for example, surveys, awareness meetings) to adopt the program
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Implementation Strategy
The most important quality of the decision making process was that both the Chairman and Vice Chairman were keen to improve the situation and willing to commit municipal funds for the purpose, with the latter acting as the program champion Public communication: For each ward, the initial awareness creation was done primarily through group meetings in the ward. Once the system was introduced in a particular ward, a campaign mode was adopted, using posters, school competitions, and even the singing of songs by schoolchildren
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Operating System
Each ward (average population : 4,500) is split into four or six sectors; each sector consists of 150-180 Waste Generating Units (WGUs) like households, shops, restaurants and schools. Each sector is assigned one tricycle van accompanied by one waste collector and one supervisor. Every morning, segregated garbage is collected from households and dumped in the trailers stationed at specified points in the ward. In the afternoon, a tractor tows away trailers ( up to 10-12 trailers per tractor) to the dump site where the waste is loaded (segregated biodegradable waste goes directly into the compost chambers).
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Operating System
The waste collector does the physical work of collection, while the supervisor is responsible for monitoring the work (that is, ensuring that all units under her charge are covered), collecting monthly charges, maintaining records, and encouraging segregation at source. This system is operational 365 days a year. Every family has been given two buckets for storing biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste- by the ward level SWM committee. The tricycles have provision for transporting the waste in segregated form. Trailers are also either partitioned or two trailers are provided at a spot, to store the biodegradable waste separately. Mixed waste provided by some WGUs is sorted by the waste collector on the tricycle van itself.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Operating System
Rickshaws
Trailer
Towed by tractor
Compositing of Biodegradable waste
Ward-level SWM committee Operational management, hiring workers, maintaining accounts Awareness creation Collection of charges All O & M costs for DTDC
KMs conservancy department Transportation , treatment, disposal Street and drain cleaning All capex costs O&M costs for storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal DTDC costs for first two months
Private contractor (proposed)
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Operating System
The Municipality plans to provide stands for workers, to facilitate the transfer of waste from tricycle vans into trailers. Waste generators are required to inform the ward committee about construction debris, which then gets it collected for a charge.
Cleaning of main roads and drains is managed by the KM conservancy department. Streets inside the wards, though cleaned by KM workers, are managed by ward committees.
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Issues
System is dependent on volunteers from the community, which can be a constraint at times. Limited engagement of rag pickers. No organized attempt at recycling. Weak disposal system. Lack of coordination with other government authorities, namely the Railways (which manages the other half of the town).
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009
Handling Solid and Hazardous Waste in the Urban Areas 15 January 2009