GASES

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Kinetic-Molecular Theory
 Theory of moving molecules

 1. Gases consists of large numbers

of molecules that are in continuous,
random motion (molecule: smallest
particle of any gas)

 2.The volume of all the molecules

of the gas is negligible compared to
the total volume in which the gas is
contained

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Kinetic-Molecular Theory
 3. Attractive and repulsive forces
between gas molecules are
negligible

 4. Collisions are perfectly elastic.

 5. The average kinetic energy of the

molecules is proportional to the
absolute temperature.

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Properties of Gases

• Gases are described in terms of four properties:

pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and
amount (n).

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Gas Pressure

Gas pressure:
• Caused by collisions of the molecules with the walls
of the container.
• MAGNITUDE: determined by how often and how
forcefully the molecules strike the walls of the
container

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Gas Pressure

Gas pressure:
• Is described as a force acting on a specific area
Pressure (P) = Force
Area
• Has units of atm, mm Hg, torr, and pascals
• 1 atmosphere (1 atm) is 760 mm Hg
• 1 mm Hg = 1 torr
1.00 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr

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Units of Pressure

Gas pressure,
• Is described as a force acting on a specific area

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Learning Check

A. What is 475 mm Hg expressed in atm?

1) 475 atm
2) 0.625 atm
3) 3.61 x 105 atm

B. The pressure in a tire is 2.00 atm. What is this

pressure in mm Hg?
1) 2.00 mm Hg
2) 1520 mm Hg
3) 22 300 mm Hg

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Solution

A. What is 475 mm Hg expressed in atm?

2) 0.625 atm
475 mm Hg x 1 atm = 0.625 atm
760 mm Hg
B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 2.00 atm. What is
this pressure in mm Hg?
2) 1520 mm Hg
2.00 atm x 760 mm Hg = 1520 mm Hg
1 atm

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Atmospheric Pressure

The atmospheric pressure:

• Is the pressure exerted
by a column of air from
the top of the
atmosphere to the
surface of Earth
• Is about 1 atmosphere
or a little less at sea
level

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Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure

Atmospheric pressure:
• Depends on the
altitude and the
weather
• Is lower at high
altitudes where the
density of air is less
• Is higher on a rainy
day than on a sunny
day

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Barometer

A barometer:
• Measures the pressure
exerted by the gases
in the atmosphere
• Indicates atmospheric
pressure as the height
in mm of the mercury
column

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END

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Learning Check

A. The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer is

_____ than (as) the pressure of the atmosphere.
1) greater 2) less 3) the same
B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a Hg
barometer (DHg = 13.6 g/mL) because:
1) H2O is less dense
2) H2O is heavier
3) air is more dense than H2O

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Solution

A.The downward pressure of the Hg in a barometer is

3) the same (as) the pressure of the atmosphere.

B. A water barometer is 13.6 times taller than a Hg

barometer (DHg = 13.6 g/mL) because:
1) H2O is less dense

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GAS LAWS

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Gas Laws
 Ideal gas
 Exhibits simple linear relationships among volume,
pressure, temperature, and amount (moles).

 NO ideal gas exists

 N2, O2, H2, and the noble gases show nearly ideal
behavior at ordinary temperatures and pressures.

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GAS LAWS

1. Ideal Gas Equation

2. Boyle’s Law
3. Charles’ Law 4. Combined Gas Law
5. Avogadro’s Law
6. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
7. Graham’s Law of Diffusion

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Ideal Gas Equation
 Ideal Gas Equation

PV = nRT
P = pressure
V = volume
n = amount in moles
R = universal gas constant (0.08206 L-atm / mol-K)
T = temperature (in K)

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Ideal Gas Equation
 Problem
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, decomposes upon
heating to give CaO(s) and CO2(g). A sample of
CaCO3 is decomposed, and the carbon dioxide is
collected in a 250-mL flask. After the decomposition is
complete, the gas has a pressure of 1.3 atm at a
temperature of 310C. How many moles of CO2 gas
were generated?

Answer: n = 0.013 mol CO2

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Ideal Gas Equation
 Combination of the 3 gas laws: Boyle’s, Charles’, and
Avogadro’s Law

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Boyle’s Law
 Boyle’s Law (V-P)
 relationship between volume and pressure

 at constant T, the V occupied by a gas is inversely

related to its P.

k
Vα [T and n fixed]
P
P1V1= P2V2

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Boyle’s Law
 Problem

A sample of argon gas occupies 105 mL at 0.871 atm.

If the temperature remains constant, what is the
volume in L at 26.3 kPa?

Answer: 0.352 L

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Charles’ Law
 Charles’ Law (V-T)
 relationship between volume and temperature

 at constant P, V occupied by a fixed amount of gas

is directly proportional to its T.

V α kT [P and n fixed]

V1T2 = V2T1

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Charles’ Law
 Problem

If the volume of a certain gas changes from 200 K to

400 K, what will be the volume occupied by 1 mol of
gas?

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Relationships based on Boyles’
and Charles’ Laws
 Pressure – Temperature Relationship
 At constant V, P exerted by a fixed amount of gas
is directly proportional to T (in K).

P α kT [V and n fixed]

P1T2 = P2T1

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Relationships based on Boyles’
and Charles’ Laws
 Problem

A steel tank used for fuel delivery is fitted with a safety

valve that opens if the internal pressure exceeds 1.00
x 103 torr. It is filled with methane at 230C and 0.991
atm and placed in boiling water at exactly 1000C. Will
the safety valve open?

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Relationships based on Boyle’s
and Charles’ Laws
 Combined Gas Law
 Combination of Boyle’s and Charles’ laws

 Relationship between P, V, and T – applied when

two of the three variables are changed and you
must find the effect on the third

T
Vαk [n is fixed]
P
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

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Avogadro’s Law
 Avogadro’s Law
 Relationship between volume and amount

 at fixed T and P, V occupied by a gas is directly

proportional to n.

V α kn [P and T fixed]

At fixed T and P, equal volumes of any ideal gas

contains equal number of particles (or moles).

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Gas Laws

 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ...

 Graham’s Law of Diffusion

Rate1 M2
=
Rate2 M1

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