Data & Signals

Analog & Digital Data Period Analog Signals Digital Signals

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Analog & Digital Data

Analog Data is continues and takes continues values; Digital Data refers to Information that has Discrete States and take Discrete Values. Example of Clock. Analog & Digital Signals
Signals can be Analog or Digital, Analog Signals can have an infinite number of values in a range, digital signals can have only a limited number of values.

Periodic & Nonperiodic Signals

A Periodic Signal completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called period, and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods. The completion of one full pattern is called a Cycle. A Non-periodic signal changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time.

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Periodic Analog Signals

Periodic analog signals can be classified as Simple or Composite. A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave cannot be decomposed into simples signals. A Composite periodic analog signal can be composed of multiple Sine waves.

Peak Amplitude of a signal is absolute values of its Highest Intensity, proportional to the energy it carries.
Peak Amplitude

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 Period & Frequency

Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to complete 1 cycle. Frequency refers to the number of periods in 1s. Period is inverse of frequency.
F=1/T

Period is in seconds, milli and microseconds etc whereas the Frequency is in Hertz, Kilohertz, Megahertz and so on Frequency is the rate of change with respect of time. Change in a short span of time means high frequency. Change over a long span of time, its frequency is low. If a signal does not change its frequency is Zero and if changes are too fast then frequency is infinite.

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 Period & Frequency

Phase: The term Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time Zero. Phase is measured in Degrees. Wavelength: Wavelength is propagating speed/frequency
i.e. Distance traveled at time T and at t+T

Composite Signal : A single frequency sine wave is not useful for data communications, we need to send a composite signal, a signal made of may simple sine waves.

Bandwidth :
The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal*

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 Digital Signals
In Digital Signals we use 1 and 0 , but we can have more than 2 levels.

Bit Rate: Number of bits sent in 1s. Bit Length: is the distance one bit occupies on the Transmission Medium. Baud Rate: is the number of signal element per second.

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 Transmission of Digital Signals

We can transmit a Digital Signal by using one of the two different approaches :
Baseband Transmission Broadband Transmission

Baseband Transmission : means sending a digital signal over a channel without changing the digital signal to an analog signal. A digital signal is a composite signal with an infinite bandwidth. It requires a Low-pass channel, a channel with a bandwidth that starts from Zero. This normally happens when we have a dedicated connection between two devices, but only 1 channel.

Case 1 : Low-Pass Channel with Wide Bandwidth

Baseband Transmission of a digital signal that preserves the shape of the digital signal is possible only if we have a low-pass channel with an infinite or very wide bandwidth.
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Case 2: Low-Pass Channel with Limited Bandwidth In this we approximate the digital signal with an analog signal. The level of approximation depends on the bandwidth available. Rough Estimation Worst case scenario Better Approximation-take more values to consider Bandwidth

Broadband Transmission :
BT or modulation means changing the digital signal to an analog signal for Transmission. Modulation allows us to use a Band pass Channel- A channel whose bandwidth does not start from Zero.
If the available channel is a band pass channel, we cannot send the digital signal directly to the channel; we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal before transmission.

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