SMK METHODIST ACS

SITIAWAN

KOLOKIUM BIOLOGY
 TEAM MEMBER
• NUR SYAWIQHA B. TAJUL AMER
• TOK YEN LING
• LEE WEI CHEE
• KERENE HENG
• LAI CHING LEE
 QUESTION 2:

DESCRIBE A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
 PLANT

CROSS SECTION OF A LEAF

EXTRA INFORMATION

CUTICLE
CON’T

stoma

Guard
cell

Pea Leaf Stoma, Vicea sp

ANIMAL : Nerve
EPITHELIUM

Protection •Protect the inner tissue from mechanical injury.

•Protect body from pathogen infection.
•Skin epidermis protects body from UV.
Exorine gland •Duct(small tube) carry the secretion to specific areas.

Gas exchange •Alveolus in the lung.

Food digestion •Iluem epithelium absorbs digested food.

Stimuli receptor •Sensory organ that receive stimuli such as pressure and
heat.
Filter and entrance of molecule •Filter and allow certain molecules to enter epithelium.
 MUSCLE

Figure 1.4 Structure of muscle cells Muscles are composed of

bundles of single large cells (called muscle fibers) that form by cell
fusion and contain multiple nuclei. Each muscle fiber contains many
myofibrils, which are bundles of actin and myosin filaments

STRUCTURE
•Myofibrils are built from actin and myosin.
•Presence of synapes on striated muscle.
•Presence of mitochondria in striated muscle
fibre.
•Sarcorplasmic reticulum store and releasing
calcium ions into the sarcoplasm.
FUNCTION
•Allow contraction and relaxation of muscle.
•Allow nerve impulses from nervous system to
be transmitted to cause contraction.
•Generate energy during muscle contraction.
•To initiate muscle contraction.
 QUESTION 11

WHAT ARE SOME ADVANTAGES OF

MULTICELLULARITY?
 Definition of multicellularity:
 Multicellular organisms are [organism] s consisting of more than one [cell] , and
having [differentiated cell] s that perform specialized functions in the organism. Most life
that can be seen with the naked eye is multicellular, as are all members of the [kingdom] s [
Plant] ae and [Animal] ia (except for specialized organisms such as [Myxozoa] in the case of
the latter).
•Increased Volume of the Organism greatly increases the volume
and total surface area of the cells and their membranes.
•This enhances the ability to exchange chemicals
with the environment, and provides local reservoirs
for essential nutrients.

•It allows the separation of

absorptive and non-absorptive
regions of the organism. This leads
to cell and tissue specialization.

•The accumulated effect of the cellular exoskeleton

(cell walls) and the turgor pressure of many cells
combined, provides a greater degree of structural
support. This protects the organism from physical
forces like the movements of air and water.
•This also leads to larger organisms which can "out
compete" other organisms for the resources available in
the environment.

•Parts of the plant may survive attack by an herbivore or

pathogen and can regenerate complete organisms.

•Larger organisms tend to have longer life spans.

•Multicellularity also lends protection to reproductive

structures.
 Summary on advantages of multicellularity

 1. cellular specialization
- structure and function
2. larger size
a.) easier to maintain homeostasis
- surface area/volume ratio
- metabolic efficiency
- greater range of habitats
b.) able to occupy terrestrial habitats
c.) greater range of food items
d.) reduced number of predators
Questions??
THANKS