Foundations of Production/ Operations Management

Lecture 5 Process Technology

Lecture 5 Objectives
To understand what process technology is To be able to identify technologies available To understand how technologies are chosen.

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FPOM

Process design
Processes that Design Products and Services
Concept Generation Screening Preliminary Design Evaluation and Improvement Layout and Flow Processes that Produce Products and Services Supply Network Design

Prototyping and final design

Process Technology

Job Design

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What are process technologies?

.the machines, equipment and devices which help the operation transform materials and information and customers in order to add value and fulfil the operation's strategic objectives. All operations use technology - machines in postal offices, milking machines, body scanners, flight simulators (Disney etc, Imax cinemas), fax machines, mobile phones and internet.
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Categories
Materials-processing technology Information-processing technology Customer-processing technology Integrating technologies
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Growth of websites
160,000,000 -

Number of internet hosts

120,000,000-

80,000,000 -

40,000,000 -

01991 1992
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1993

1994

1995 1996

1997

1998

1999 2000 2001 2002

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Cost per banking transaction

100% 100% 80%

60% 50% 40% 25% 12% Branch Telephone Cash machine Internet

20%

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Materials processing technologies

High
Stand-alone NC machine NC tools machining centres

Flexible manufacturing centres

Flexible manufacturing systems Flexible transfer lines Dedicated systems

Low Low
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Volume
FPOM

High
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Computer Numerically Controlled Machines (CNCs)

These machines hold a set of coded instructions on computers attached to the machine. Replace the role of manual operator. This replacement gives more accuracy, precision and repeatability to the process. Better productivity elimination of error, computer can work to optimum cutting patterns and because of the substitution of expensive, skilled labour.
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Robotics

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Robotics
classified as: handling robots the workpiece is handled by the robot e.g. for loading and unloading of workpieces process robots tool is gripped by the robot e.g. in metal working operations, joining of materials etc. assembly robots assembly of parts of components and complete products
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Automated Guided Vehicles

Small independently powered vehicles which move materials to and from value-added operations Often guided by cables buried on the floor and receive instructions from computer Can help promote JIT by delivery of parts Can be used in non-manufacturing areas e.g. warehouses, libraries, hospital pharmacy (stock deliveries).
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Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs)

Bring together several technologies into a coherent system. Can be defined as a computer controlled

configuration of semi-independent workstations connected by automated material handling and machine loading

A FMS is a self-contained micro operation which is capable of manufacturing a product from start to finish
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Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)

Can be defined as the integration of computer-based monitoring and control of all aspects of the manufacturing process, drawing on a common database and communicating via some form of computer network. That is it connects and integrates the information technology which forms the foundation of design technology (CAD), manufacturing technology (FMC or FMS), materials handling (AGV or robots) and the immediate management of these activities (scheduling, loading, monitoring).

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Information processing technologies

Information processing technologies have to collect, manipulate, store and distribute data.

Information processing technologies include computers and telecommunications.

Increasingly these two technologies are becoming merged. Major industrial applications of this new integrated technology include electronic data interchange (EDI), the Internet, the WWW and intranets.

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Dr L Breen

FPOM

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Information processing technologies

Information processing technologies have to collect, manipulate, store and distribute data.

Information processing technologies include computers and telecommunications.

Increasingly these two technologies are becoming merged. Major industrial applications of this new integrated technology include electronic data interchange (EDI), the Internet, the WWW and intranets.

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..In the pharmaceutical supply chain

Pharmacy System

ORDERS

NHSNet
INVOICES

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Threats??
Cybercrime E.g. on New Years Eve 2000, Network Rails website was altered to inform customers that all trains had been cancelled! In 2000 President Clinton stated that he was spending $3 billion countering cyberthreats
Credit-card fraud/card skimming Computer hacking/viruses
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(Channel 4 News March 23 2000)

Customer processing technologies

Customers Back-office Front - office

Back - office technology

Front-office technology with links to the back-office

Front-office technology

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Active interaction with technology

Customer

Technology

Examples

Personal communications
Internet-based ordering Cash machines

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Passive interaction with technology

Customer

Technology

Examples

Transport systems
Theme park rides Car wash

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Hidden technology

Customer

Technology

Examples

Security cameras
Retail scanners Credit card tracking

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Use of technology through an intermediary

Customer Technology

Intermediary

Examples Call centre technology

Travel agent booking system

Hotel reservation system

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Integrating technology

Materials processing Process technology

Information processing

Customer processing

Integrating technology

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Choice of process technology

Chosen by judging it on 3 dimensions: Market requirements assessing impact on performance objectives Operations resources judging the constraints and capabilities that will be imposed by technology Financial evaluation realising the cost of investing in technology at any given time in future (markets change, inflation, depreciation etc.) using the Net Present Value (NPV).
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Lecture 5 Objectives
To understand what process technology is To be able to identify technologies available To understand how technologies are chosen.

29/01/2014

Dr L Breen

FPOM

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