BEAM FORMING ADAPTIVE BEAMFORMING BLOCK DIAGRAM APPROACH METHODOLOGY RLS ALGORITHM LMS ALGORITHM ADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS

The method of combining the signals from several elements is understood as beam forming . A plot of the array response as a function of angle is usually specified as the array pattern or beam pattern. The direction in which the array has maximum response is said to be the beam pointing direction

Adaptive Beam forming: If the weights are computed and adaptively updated in real time, the process is called adaptive beam forming.

DESIRED SIGNAL

SIGNAL OUTPUT

INTERFERENCE BEAMFORMER WEIGHTS

Adaptive Array Beam-Forming

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Block Diagram of an Adaptive Antenna System

SMAT ANTENNA SYSTEM DIVIDED INTO 1.DOA ESTIMATION: TO DETERMINE NUMBER OF USERS. 2.DOA CLASSIFICATION: FINDS WHICH SIGNAL ORIGINATE FROM THE USER AND WHICH ONE FROM THE INTERFERERS. 3.ADPTIVE ALGORITHM: FORMS AN ANTENNA PATTERN WITH A MAIN BEAM TOWARDS THE USER WHILE MINIMISING NOISE

ADAPTIVE BEAM-FORMING BASICS: Smart antenna patterns are controlled via algorithms based upon certain criteria 1. Maximum signal-to-interference ratio. 2. Minimum mean-square error. 3. Minimum variance. 4. Maximum likelihood.

1.Recursive Least Square Algorithm(RLS)

2.Least mean square algorithm(LMS) 3.congugate gradient algorithm(CGM) 4.kalman based normalized LMS algorithm.

IN RLS algorithm The weights are updated by the equation: W(n)=w(n-1)+k(n)**(n), n=1,2,3,.. Where (n) is a priori estimation error = d(n)- wH(n-1)x(n) and k(n) is gain vector. It does not require any matrix inversion computations as the correlation matrix is computed directly.

THE LEAST MEAN SQUARE ALGORITHM IS A GRADIENT APPROACH. GRADIENT BASED ALGORITHM ASSUMES AN ESTABLISHED QUADRATIC PERFORMANCE SURFACE. THE PERFORMANCE SURFACE IS A QUADRATIC FUNCTION OF THE ARRAY WEIGHTS.

IN LMS ALGORITHM WE CAN ESTABLISH THE PERFORMANCE SURFACE BY FINDING THE MSE . THE ERROR IS GIVEN BY

k d k k .x k
H

WHERE d(k) IS REFERENCE SIGNAL X(K) IS DESIRED SIGNAL.

THE SQURED ERROR SIGNAL IS GIVEN BY

NOW TO GET THE COST FUNCTION SUPRSS THE TIME DEPENDENCE

WHERE CORRELATED MATRIX CORRELATION VECTOR

THE COST FUNCTION IS GIVEN BY

WHERE

NOW BY APPLY THE GRADIENT TO THE COST FUNCTION EQUTE THE GRADIENT TO ZERO TO GET MINIMUM MSE THEN IN LMS ALGORITHM THE WEIGHTS ARE UPDATED BY USING

Reduces the multipath fading problem. Reduction in Inter symbol interference. Improves the convergence. Improves the signal quality. Low Cost.

MOBILE Communication. SATELLITE Communication. Broadband Wireless Access Networks. Radar Communication.