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4.

4 Principles of Moments
 Also known as Varignon’s Theorem
“Moment of a force about a point is equal to
the sum of the moments of the forces’
components about the point”
 For F = F 1 + F 2,

MO = r X F1 + r X F2
= r X (F 1 + F 2)
=rXF
4.4 Principles of Moments
 The guy cable exerts a
force F on the pole and
creates a moment about
the base at A
MA = Fd
 If the force is replaced by
F x and F y at point B where
the cable acts on the pole,
the sum of moment about
point A yields the same
resultant moment
4.4 Principles of Moments

 Fycreate zero moment


about A
M A = Fx h
 Apply principle of
transmissibility and slide
the force where line of
action intersects the ground
at C, F x create zero moment
about A
M A = Fy b
4.4 Principles of Moments
Example 4.6
A 200N force acts on the bracket. Determine
the moment of the force about point A.
4.4 Principles of Moments
Solution
Method 1:
From trigonometry using triangle BCD,
CB = d = 100cos45° = 70.71mm
= 0.07071m
Thus,
MA = Fd = 200N(0.07071m)
= 14.1N.m (CCW)
As a Cartesian vector,
M A = {14.1k}N.m
4.4 Principles of Moments
Solution
Method 2:
 Resolve 200N force into x and y components
 Principle of Moments
MA = ∑Fd
MA = (200sin45°N)(0.20m) – (200cos45°)(0.10m)
= 14.1 N.m (CCW)
Thus,
M A = {14.1k}N.m
4.4 Principles of Moments
Example 4.7
The force F acts at the end of the angle
bracket. Determine the moment of the force
about point O.
4.4 Principles of Moments
View Free Body Diagram

Solution
Method 1
MO = 400sin30°N(0.2m)-400cos30°N(0.4m)
= -98.6N.m
= 98.6N.m (CCW)
As a Cartesian vector,
M O = {-98.6k}N.m
4.4 Principles of Moments
Solution
Method 2:
 Express as Cartesian vector

r = {0.4i – 0.2j}N
F = {400sin30°i – 400cos30°j}N
= {200.0i – 346.4j}N
For moment, 
i

j

k
  
M O = r XF = 0.4 − 0.2 0
200.0 − 346.4 0

{ }

= − 98.6k N .m
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
 For moment of a force about a point, the
moment and its axis is always perpendicular to
the plane containing the force and the moment
arm
 A scalar or vector analysis is used to find the
component of the
moment along a specified
axis that passes through
the point
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Scalar Analysis
Example
Consider the pipe assembly that lies in the horizontal
plane and is subjected to the vertical force of F = 20N
applied at point A.
 For magnitude of moment,
MO = (20N)(0.5m) = 10N.m
 For direction of moment, apply right hand rule
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Scalar Analysis
 Moment tends to turn pipe about the Ob axis
 Determine the component of M O about the y
axis, M y since this component tend to
unscrew the pipe from the flange at O
 For magnitude of M y,

My = 3/5(10N.m) = 6N.m
 For direction of M y, apply right hand rule
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Scalar Analysis
 If the line of action of a force F is perpendicular
to any specified axis aa, for the magnitude of the
moment of F about the axis,
Ma = Fda
where da is the perpendicular or shortest
distance from the force line of action to the axis

A force will not contribute a moment about a


specified axis if the force line of action is parallel
or passes through the axis
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
A horizontal force F applied to
the handle of the flex-headed
wrench, tends to turn the
socket at A about the z-axis
 Effect is caused by the moment
of F about the z-axis
 Maximum moment occurs when
the wrench is in the horizontal
plane so that full leverage from
the handle is achieved
(MZ)max = Fd
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
 For handle not in the
horizontal position,
(MZ)max = Fd’
where d’ is the perpendicular
distance from the force line
of action to the axis
 Otherwise, for moment,
MA = Fd
MZ = MAcosθ
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
Example
M O = r A X F = (0.3i +0.4j) X (-20k)
= {-8i + 6j}N.m
Since unit vector for this
axis is u a = j,
My = M O.u a
= (-8i + 6j)·j = 6N.m
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
 Consider body subjected to force
F acting at point A
 To determine moment, M a,
- For moment of F about any
arbitrary point O that lies on the
aa’ axis
MO = r X F
where r is directed from O to A
- M O acts along the moment axis
bb’, so projected M O on the aa’
axis is M A
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
- For magnitude of M A,
MA = MOcosθ = M O·u a
where u a is a unit vector that defines the
direction of aa’ axis
MA = u a·(r X F)
  
- In determinant
 
form,
 
i j k
M a = (uax i + uay j + uaz k ) ⋅ rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
- Or expressed as, uax uay u az
   
M a = uax ⋅ (r XF ) = rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
where uax, uay, uaz represent the x, y, z
components of the unit vector defining the
direction of aa’ axis and rx, ry, rz represent that of
the position vector drawn from any point O on
the aa’ axis and Fx, Fy, Fz represent that of the
force vector
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Vector Analysis
 The sign of the scalar indicates the direction of
M a along the aa’ axis
- If positive, M a has the same sense as u a
- If negative, M a act opposite to u a
 Express M a as a Cartesian vector,

M a = Mau a = [u a·(r X F)] u a


 For magnitude of M a,

Ma = ∑[u a·(r X F)] = u a·∑(r X F)


4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
 Wind blowing on the sign
causes a resultant force F that
tends to tip the sign over due
to moment M A created about
the aa axis
MA = r X F
 For magnitude of projection of
moment along the axis whose
direction is defined by unit
vector u A is
MA = u a·(r X F)
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Example 4.8
The force F = {-40i + 20j + 10k} N acts on the point
A. Determine the moments of this force about the x
and a axes.
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Solution
Method 1
   
rA = {−3i + 4 j + 6k }m
 
ux = i
1 0 0
   
M x = i ⋅ (rA XF ) = − 3 4 6
− 40 20 10
= −80 N .m
Negative sign indicates that sense of M x is
opposite to i
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Solution
We can also compute Ma using r A as r A extends
from a point on the a axis to the force
  
3
uA = − i + 4 j
5 5
−3 4 0
    5 5
M a = u A ⋅ (rA XF ) = − 3 4 6
− 40 20 10
= −120 N .m
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Solution
Method 2
 Only 10N and 20N forces contribute moments about
the x axis
 Line of action of the 40N is parallel to this axis and
thus, moment = 0
 Using right hand rule
Mx = (10N)(4m) – (20N)(6m) = -80N.m
My = (10N)(3m) – (40N)(6m) = -210N.m
Mz = (40N)(4m) – (20N)(3m) = 100N.m
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Solution
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Example 4.9
The rod is supported by two brackets at A and B.
Determine the moment M AB produced by
F = {-600i + 200j – 300k}N, which tends to rotate
the rod about the AB axis.
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
View Free Body
Diagram Specified Axis
Solution
 Vector analysis chosen as moment arm from
line of action of F to the AB axis is hard to
determine
 For unit vector defining direction of AB axis
of the rod,
   
M AB = u B ⋅ (r XF )
 For simplicity, choose r D
  
 rB 0.4i + 0.2 j
uB =  =
rB (0.4) 2 + (0.2) 2
 
= 0.894i + 0.447 j
4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Solution
 For force,
   
F = {−600i + 200 j − 300k }N
 In determinant form,
0.894 0.447 0
   
M AB = u B ⋅ ( rD XF ) = 0 0.2 0
− 600 200 − 300
= −53.67 N .m

Negative sign indicates M AB is opposite to u B


4.5 Moment of a Force about a
Specified Axis
Solution
 In Cartesian form,
    
M AB = M AB u B = (−53.67 N .m)(0.894i + 0.447 j )
 
= {−48.0i − 24.0 j }N .m
*Note: if axis AB is defined
using unit vector directed
from B towards A, the above
formulation –u B should be used.
M AB = MAB(-u B)

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