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AP CHEMISTRY
Phase Diagrams
Phase diagrams display the state of a substance at various pressures and temperatures and the places where equilibria exist between phases.
Phase Diagrams
The AB line is the liquid-vapor interface.
Phase Diagrams
It ends at the critical point (B); intermediate fluid region critical temperature (above this temperature condensation is impossible at any pressure) and critical pressure (pressure required to condense at critical temperature) .
Phase Diagrams
Each point along this line is the boiling point of the substance at that pressure.
Phase Diagrams
The AD line is the interface between liquid
and solid. The melting point at each pressure can be found along this line.
Phase Diagrams
liquid state. Along the AC line the solid and gas phases are in equilibrium; the sublimation point at each pressure is along this line.
These are due to the strong van der Waals forces between water molecules.
Phase Diagram for Carbon: 1. Can we change pencil graphite into diamonds? 2. How many triple points?
Of the following substances, predict which has the highest boiling point based on intermolecular forces.
1. Propane, C3H8 2. Dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3 3. Methyl chloride, CH3Cl 4. Acetaldehyde, CH3CHO 5. Acetonitrile, CH3CN
Correct Answer:
1. Propane, C3H8 2. Dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3 3. Methyl chloride, CH3Cl 4. Acetaldehyde, CH3CHO 5. Acetonitrile, CH3CN
Each of these molecules has almost the same molecular weight; however, acetonitrile has the largest dipole moment (3.9 D) and hence the largest dipole-dipole forces. Thus it has the highest boiling point.
Of the following substances, predict which has the lowest boiling point based on London dispersion forces.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He Ne Ar Kr Xe
Correct Answer:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. He Ne Ar Kr Xe
More massive species have more polarizability and stronger London dispersion forces; consequently, amongst the noble gases He has the lowest boiling point.
Of the following substances, predict which has the highest boiling point based upon intermolecular forces?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CH4 H2O H2S SiH4 H2Se
NH . O=C
Correct Answer:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CH4 H2O H2S SiH4 H2Se
Of these, only H2O has any hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding substantially increases the intermolecular forces, and hence the boiling point.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Correct Answer:
1. 2. 3. 4.
In the unlabeled phase diagram below, the line segment from A to B separates which two phases?
D B
A C Temperature
Correct Answer:
D B
A C Temperature
Correct Answer:
1. Crystalline 2. Amorphous
In quartz, the SiO bonds are arranged in regular, defined arrays.
Correct Answer:
1. 2. 3. 4. Molecular Covalent network Ionic Metallic
Diamond and graphite are both forms of carbon, and consist of a network of covalent bonds (hence covalent network).
Solve: (a) At point 1, H2O exists totally as a vapor. At point 2 a solid-vapor equilibrium exists.
Above that pressure, at point 3, all the H2O is converted to a solid. At point 4 some of the solid melts and an equilibrium between solid and liquid is achieved. At still higher pressures all the H2O melts, so only the liquid phase is present at point 5.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Using Figure 11.27(b), describe what happens when the following changes are made in a CO2 sample initially at 1 atm and 60C: (a) Pressure increases at constant temperature to 60 atm. (b) Temperature increases from 60C to 20C at constant 60 atm pressure.
Supercooling: Temperature goes lower than freezing point until molecules align in lattice structure then temperature rises to normal freezing point.