Perception

We dont see things as they are, we see things as we are

Meaning
Perception is understood as the act of seeing what is there to be seen. But what is seen is influenced by the individual- Situation.

Definition
Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information, and how to interpret it within the framework of our existing knowledge.

 Perception includes all those processes by which an individual receives information about the enviournment seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and smelling.

Why is perception important in the study of OB? Because peoples behavior is based on their. Examples of perceptions: Young people Impatient. Govt. offices - Corrupt.

We perceive them as such regardless of their actual traits.

Factors influencing perception

The individuals may look at the same thing, yet perceive it differently. Because of various factors. These factors always be there in the perceiver. When an individual interpret the situation that interpretation is influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver.

Situational factors Time Social setting Organizational setting

Perceivers Characteristics Need Experiences Values Attitudes Personality Expectations

Characteristics of the perceived Novelty sounds Nature Size appearance

Individual perception

Factors That Influence Perception

Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others Attribution Theory An attempt to determine whether an individuals behaviour is internally caused or externally. The ways in which we judge differently- We attribute to a given behaviour

 We attempt to determine whether Internally or externally. Internal- caused behaviour- under personal control External- caused behaviour forced due to external factor.
Distinctiveness: shows different behaviors in different situations. Consensus: response is the same as others to same situation. Consistency: responds in the same way over time.

 Example: Employee arriving office late. Distinctiveness-Sometime late/ sometimes on time/ punctual / not punctual Consensus-all employees comes late on that day. Consistency- Always comes late

Errors and Biases in Attributions

Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others. Sales manager- team efforts than innovative product

Errors and Biases in Attributions (contd)

Self-Serving Bias The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. Success- I Failure- Other

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others

Selective Perception People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience, and attitudes. Case problem

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Halo Effect

Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Contrast Effects Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. Not in isolation- Recent experience

Interview

Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others Stereotyping-Video

Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.- Men arent interested in child care Women are not good drivers

Men arent interested in child care.

Overweight people are not discipline.s

Perceptual process

Process of Perception

1. Receiving stimuli External internal

3. Selective attention
External Factors Nature, Location Size, Contrast Movement, Repetition Novelty & familiarity

2. Organizing Receiving through five sensory organs Tasting, smelling, seeing, hearing, touching

Internal factors Learning, needs, Age, interest

4. Ambiguous figures Figure ground, grouping, constancy

6.Response Behaviour

5. Interpreting Perceptual set, Attribution, stereotyping, halo effect, projection

Perceptual process

PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
Input
Organisation Selection Interpretation Outputs

23

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION
Figure and Ground Principle of Similarity Principle of Proximity Principle of continuity Principle of Closure Principle of Symmetry

24

Gestalt Approach Figure Ground

25

Continuity Similarity Proximity

Closure

Symmetry
26

Organizational Behavior

27

PERCEPTUAL AMBIGUITY

28

Word Color Test In this test DO NOT READ the words, say aloud the COLOR of each word.

YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE
29

Perceiver Characteristics Familiarity with target Attitudes/Mood Self-Concepts Cognitive structure

Target Characteristics Physical appearance Verbal communication Nonverbal cues Intentions

Social Barriers Perception Selective perception Stereotyping First-impression error Projection Self-fulfilling propheciesNext slide Situational Characteristics Interaction context- Eg.Japan Strength of situational cuesEg. sales person hobby

Social Perception Model

 Self- fulfilling prophecy- A false definition of the situation evoking a new behaviour which makes the original false conception come true. Teacher and tough students. I am going to have a greate day.

Impression Management
Impression Management process by which individuals try to control the impression others have of them
Name dropping Appearance Self-description Flattery Favors Agreement with opinion

Perception for managers

1. Have a high level of self- awareness. 2. Seek information from various sources to confirm or disconfirm personal impressions of a decision situation. 3. Be empathetic. 4. Influence perceptions of other people when they are drawing incorrect or incomplete impressions of events in the work setting. 5. Avoid common perceptual distortions that bias our views of people and situation.

6. Avoid inappropriate attributions. 7. Diversity management programmes.

Activity