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Chapter 7
Selecting Samples
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.2
Selecting samples
Population, sample and individual cases
Source: Saunders et al. (2009) Figure 7.1 Population, sample and individual cases
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.3
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.4
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.5
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.6
Probability sampling
The four stage process
1. Identify sampling frame from research objectives 2. Decide on a suitable sample size 3. Select the appropriate technique and the sample
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.7
Avoidance of bias
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.8
Sample size
Choice of sample size is influenced by
Confidence needed in the data Margin of error that can be tolerated Types of analyses to be undertaken
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.9
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.10
Stratified random
Cluster Multi-stage
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.11
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.12
Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling involves you selecting the sample at regular intervals from the sampling frame. 1. Number each of the cases in your sampling frame with a unique number . The first is numbered 0, the second 1 and so on. 2. Select the first case using a random number. 3. Calculate the sample fraction. 4. Select subsequent cases systematically using the sample fraction to determine the frequency of selection
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.13
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.14
Cluster Sampling
Is on the surface, similar to stratified as you need to divide the population into discrete groups prior to sampling. The groups are termed clusters in this form of sampling and can be based in any naturally occurring grouping. For example, you could group your data by type of manufacturing firm or geographical area
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.15
Cluster Sampling
For cluster sampling your sampling frame is the complete list of clusters rather than complete list of individual cases within population, you then select a few cluster normally using simple random sampling,. Data are then collected from every case within the selected clusters
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.16
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.17
Quota sampling
It is entirely non random and it is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that your sample will represent the population as the variability in your sample for various quota variables is the same as that in population. Quota sampling is therefore a type of stratified sample in which selection of cases within strata is entirely non-random
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.18
Quota sampling
Divide the population into specific groups. Calculate a quota for each group based on relevant and available data. Give each interviewer an assignment', which states the number of cases in each quota from which they must collect data. Combine the data collected by interviewers to provide the full sample.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.19
Quota sampling
Quota sampling has a number of advantages over the probabilistic techniques. In particular, it is less costly and can be set up very quickly. If, as with television audience research surveys, your data collection needs to be undertaken very quickly then quota sampling frame and, therefore may be the only technique you can use if one is not available. Quota sampling is normally used for large population . For small population , it is usually possible to obtain a sampling frame. Decisions on sample size are governed by the need to have sufficient responses in each quota to enable subsequent statistical analyses to be undertaken. This often necessitates a sample size of between 2000 and 5000.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.20
Purposive sampling
Purposive or judgemental sampling enables you to use your judgment to select cases that will best enable you to answer your research question(s) and to meet your objectives. This form of sample is often used when working with very small samples such as in case research and when you wish to select cases that are particularly informative . Purposive sampling can also be used by researchers adopting the grounded theory strategy. For such research, findings from data collected from your initial sample inform the way you extend your sample into subsequent cases.such samples, however can not be considered to be statistically representative of the total population.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.21
Continued
The logic on which you base your strategy for selecting cases for a purposive sample should be dependent on your research question(s)and objectives. Patton (2002) emphasizes this point by contrasting the need to select information-rich cases in purposive sampling with the need to be statistically representative in probability sampling.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.22
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.23
Slide 7.24
Continued
To ensure maximum variation within a sample Patton (2002) suggests you identify your diverse characteristics(sample selection criteria)prior to selecting your sample.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.25
homogenous sampling
In direct contrast to heterogeneous sampling , homogenous sampling focuses on one particular sub-group in which all the sample members are similar. This enables you to to study the group in great depth.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.26
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.27
Continued
Patton (2002) outlines a number of clues that suggest critical cases these can be summarized by the questions such as: If it happens there, will it happen everywhere? If they are having problems, can you be sure that everyone will have problems? If they cannot understand the process, is it likely that no one will be able to understand the process?
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.28
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.29
Snowball sampling
Is commonly used when it is difficult to identify members of desired population. For example people who are working while claiming unemployment benefit you therefore, need to: 1. Make contact with one or two cases in the population. 2. Ask these cases to identify further cases. 3. Ask theses new cases to identify further new cases (and so on) 4. Stop when either no new cases are given or the sample is as large as manageable
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.30
Slide 7.31
Self-selection sampling
Publicity for convenience samples can take many forms. These include articles and advertisement in magazines that the population are likely to read, postings on appropriate Internet newsgroups and discussion groups, hyperlinks from other websites as well as letters or emails of invitation to colleagues and friends (Box 7.14). Cases that self-select objectives. In some instances ,as in research question(s) or stated on the management of the survivors of downsizing (Thornhill et al.1997), this is exactly what the researcher wants. In this research a letter in the personnel trade press generated a list of self-selected organisations that were interested in the research topic , considered it important and were willing to devote time to being interviewed.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.32
Convenience sampling
Convenience sampling (or haphazard sampling) involves selecting haphazardly those cases that are easiest to obtain for your sample, such as the person interviewed at random in a shopping centre for a television programme or the book about entrepreneurship you find at the airport (Box 7.15). The sample selection process is continued until your required sample size has been reached. Although this technique of sampling is used widely , it is prone to bias and influences that are beyond your control, as the cases appear in the sample only because of the ease of obtaining them. Often the sample is intended to represent the total population , for example managers taking an MBA course as a surrogate for all managers! In such instances the selection of individual cases is likely to have introduced bias to the sample ,meaning that subsequent generalisations are likely to be at best flawed. These problems are less important where there is little variation in the population, and such samples often serve as pilots to studies using more instructed samples.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.33
Probability sampling
With probability samples the chance , or probability, of each case being selected from the population is known And usually equal to all cases. This means that it is possible to answer research questions and to achieve objectives that require you to estimate statistically the characteristics of the population from the sample. Consequently, probability sampling is often associated with survey and experimental research strategies.
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.34
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.35
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.36
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.37
Summary: Chapter 7
Choice of sampling techniques depends upon the research question(s) and their objectives Factors affecting sample size include: - confidence needed in the findings - accuracy required - likely categories for analysis
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.38
Summary: Chapter 7
Probability sampling requires a sampling frame and can be more time consuming When a sampling frame is not possible, nonprobability sampling is used Many research projects use a combination of sampling techniques
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009
Slide 7.39
Summary: Chapter 7
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th Edition, Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill 2009