CIRCUIT THEORY

Basic circuit

OHMS LAW
The law stating that the direct current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference and undirectly proportional to the resistance. It is usually formulated as V = IR, where V is the potential difference, or voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance of the conductor

Types of circuit connection

i. Series circuit
I V1

V3

V2

Formula;

i. RT = R1 + R2 + R3
ii. VT = V1+V2+V3 where V1=IR1, V2=IR2, V3=IR3 iii. I = I1 = I2 =I3 where I = VT/RT

Types of circuit connected

ii. Parallel circuit
IT
V1

I1
V2

I2

I3
V3
9V RT

Formula ; i. 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ,jika 2 rintangan sahaja selari maka RT = R1xR2 R1+R2 i. VT = V1 = V2 = V3 where V1=I1R1, V2=I2R2, V3=I3R3 iii. IT = I1 + I2 + I3 atau IT = VT / RT

Types of circuit connected

iii. Series-Parallel circuit
IT Ra

Rb

Ra = R1xR2 R1+R2 Rb = R3xR4 R3+R4 RT = Ra + Rb

IT
RT 24V

E =IT x RT

Example ; (series circuit)

Problem 1

Refer to the Figure, find VT if the current given as 0.5 A

Solution
Find RT. RT = R1 + R2 + R3 RT = 50 + 75 + 100 RT = 225

Find VT. Use Ohms law. VT = IRT

VT = (0.5 amps)(225 ) VT = 112.5 volts

Problem 2
R1
I=4A

R2

R3

V1

V2

V3

Refer to the circuit shown, determine ; i. The battery voltage ii. The total resistance of circuit iii. The values of resistance of resistors R1, R2 and R3 if the voltage drop across R1, R2 and R3 are 5V, 2V and 6V.

Solution i. V1+V2+V3 5+2+6 = 13V

ii. Total resistance RT = VT/IT = 13/4 = 3.25 iii. R1 = V1/I = 5/4 = 1.25 R2= V2/I = 2/4 = 0.5 R3 = V3/I = 6/4 = 1.5

Example (parallel circuit)

Problem 1; Two resistors, of resistance 3 and 6 are connected in parallel across a battery having a voltage of 12V, determine ; i. The total circuit resistance ii. The current flowing in the 3 resistor

Solution
i. Total resistance 1/RT = 1/R1+1/R2 = 1/3+1/6 RT = 2 or use RT =R1 x R2 (R1+R2) ii. Current flowing I flowing through 3 = 12/3 =4A

Problem 2
For the circuit shown, find ; i. The value of supply voltage, V ii. The value of the current,I

Solution i. The value of supply voltage, V V=V2=I2 x R2 =3 x 20 = 60V

ii. The value of the current,I given I2 = 3A, find I1 = V/R1=60/10=6 A find I3 = V/R3=60/60=1 A IT=I1 + I2 + I3 = 6 + 3+ 1 = 10 A

Example 1; (Series-Parallel Circuit)

 Refer to the circuit shown, find ; i) Equivalent resistance, RT ii)Total current, IT

Solution ;
i)Req 1 = 20 parallel with 30 = 20x30/(20+30) = 12 (litar B) RT = Req 1 + R1 = 12 + 8 = 20 (litar C)

 ii) IT = VT / RT = 60V / 20 = 3 Amp (rujuk litar C)