Grammatical components

Articles

Parts of speech are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. We will add one more type: articles.
It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. Here is a brief explanation of what the parts of speech are:

NOUNS

A NOUN is a naming word

* Common nouns are the names of things in general, such as cat,

dog, road, city, skirt, colour etc. A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing, such as Kate, Billy, Manchester, Thames, Rover etc. All proper nouns start with a capital letter. *An abstract noun is something you can't see, hear, touch or taste. These can be emotions (happiness, sadness) or states (peace, quiet) for example. A collective noun is the name given to a group of things, for example a flock of birds or a herd of cows.

VERBS
We can talk about different types of verbs according to their use:
AUXILIARY: Did, do, does, will, am, is, are, have, has
MODAL: Would, must, should, have to, will, may, might, can, could. ACTION: Run, eat, close, make, read, write, sake up.

STATE, BEING, FEELING: Be, like, love, hate, adore, feel, hope, wish, desire, hurt, etc.

PRONOUN
Is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case. I, He, She, It, We, They. An object pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb or compound verb. These are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them.
Examples: Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest caf in the market. Christopher was surprised to see her again After reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the garbage can.

PRONOUN
A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person. They are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs."
Note that possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like "my," "her," and "their.

Examples:

The smallest gift is mine. This is yours. Your car is not as fast as hers

PRONOUN
A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time.
Examples: This must not continue. This is puny; that is the tree I want. Three customers wanted these.

An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are "who," "whom," "which," "what" and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever" ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever"). Note that either "which" or "what" can also be used as an interrogative adjective, and that "who," "whom," or "which" can also be used as a relative pronoun. Examples: Which wants to see the dentist first? Who wrote the novel One hundred years of solitude?

PRONOUN
You can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns. Examples: You may invite whomever you like to the party The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected. Whoever broke the window will have to replace it.

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some.
Many were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up. We donated everything we found in the attic to the woman's garage sale.

PRONOUN
You can use a reflexive pronoun to refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. The reflexive pronouns are "myself," "yourself," "herself," "himself," "itself," "ourselves," "yourselves," and "themselves." Note each of these can also act as an intensive pronoun. Examples:
Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day. If you want an original scarf, you can do it by yourself. After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office building.

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

ADJECTIVE

The small boat foundered on the wide dark sea. The coal mines are dark and dank. The yellow banana is ripe.

ADJECTIVES
A possessive adjective ("my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their") is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the following sentences: Examples:
I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook. The bakery sold his favourite type of bread.

ADJECTIVES
* demonstrative adjectives "this," "these," "that," "those," and "what" are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases, as in the following sentences:
This apartment needs to be fumigated. When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of books. Predicate adjective follows a linking verb and modifies
(directly refers to) the subject of the sentence. Example: People are interested in this game. Watching the championship was fun.

ADJECTIVES
Common adjective is just a simple, regular adjective. It describes a noun in a general way. sharp, flexible, hot, red, hidden, dripping, nice, huge
Example: This is a nice blouse.

Proper adjective is derived from a proper noun and is capitalized.

Example: French people are interested in reading. Those toys are Chinese.

ADJECTIVES
Comparative Adjectives are words used to compare the difference between two nouns or a collective noun.
Example: This red blouse is nicer than the yellow one. Peter is taller than Kevin. Mathematics is more difficult than English.

Superlative Adjectives express the extreme or highest

degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things.. Example: The Amazon River is the longest river of the world. The highest Mountain in the world is the Everest.

ADJECTIVE ORDER
Adjectives can be used to describe lots of things, from physical size, age, shape, colour, material, to more abstract things like opinion, origin and purpose

We can use adjectives together to give a detailed description of something.

Adjectives that express opinions usually come before all others, but it can sometimes depend on what exactly you want to emphasize.
Example: That nice, big, blue bag." (You like the bag.) "That's a nice blue." (You like the colour.)

ADJECTIVE ORDER
When we group adjectives together there is a general (sometimes flexible) rule for the position of each type of adjective, these are:Position 1 2 OPINIO SIZE N 3 AGE 4 SHAPE 5 6 7 COLOU MATER ORIGIN R IAL 8 PURPOSE

Example

Nice Ugly

Big Small

Old New

Square Black circular Blue

Plastic British Cotton French

Racing running

You might swap adjectives that express an opinion and an adjective based on fact depending on what you wish to emphasise:For example: "She had a long ugly nose." emphasising the length of her nose. "He was a silly little man." emphasising that the man was silly.

ADVERB
Is a word which usually describes the verb. It tells you how something is done.
Examples:

slowly, intelligently, beautifully, yesterday, tomorrow here everywhere

ADVERBS
Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner provide information on how someone does something. Eg. Jack drives very carefully.
Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time provide information on when something happens. Eg. We'll let you know our decision next week. Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency provide information on how often something happens. Eg. They usually get to work at eight o'clock. Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree provide information concerning how much of something is done. Eg. They like playing golf a lot. Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of comment provide a comment, or opinion about a situation. eg. Fortunately, there were enough seats left for the concert.

ADVERBS
Adverb Formation
Adverbs are usually formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective. For example: quiet - quietly, careful - carefully, careless carelessly Adjectives ending in '-le' change to '-ly'. For example: possible - possibly, probable - probably, incredible incredibly Adjectives ending in '-y' change to '-ily'. For example: lucky - luckily, happy - happily, angry angrily Adjectives ending in '-ic' change to '-ically'. For example: basic - basically, ironic - ironically, scientific scientifically Some adjectives are irregular. The most common irregular adverbs are: good - well, hard - hard, fast -fast

ADVERB PLACEMENT
Adverbs of Manner: Adverbs of manner are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). For example: Their teacher speaks quickly.

Adverbs of Time: Adverbs of time are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). For example: She visited her friends last year.
Adverbs of Frequency: Adverbs of frequency are placed before the main verb (not the auxiliary verb). For example: He often goes to bed late. Do you sometimes get up early? Adverbs of Degree: Adverbs of degree are placed after the verb or entire expression (at the end of the sentence). For example: She'll attend the meeting as well.

ADVERBS PLACEMENT
Adverbs of Comment: Adverbs of comment are placed at the beginning of a sentence. For example: Luckily, I was able to come to the presentation. Important Exceptions to Adverb Placement Some adverbs are placed at the beginning of a sentence to provide more emphasis. For example: Now you tell me you can't come! Adverbs of frequency are placed after the verb 'to be' when used as the main verb of the sentence. For example: Jack is often late for work. Some adverbs of frequency (sometimes, usually, normally) are also placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis. For example: Sometimes I visit my friends in London.

CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences.
Coordinating Conjunctions: There are only seven of these.

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

You can remember them using the acronym FANBOYS.

Examples: Mary and Jimmy are getting married next month. Do your homework or youll have problems. It was too hot, so I turned on the air conditioning

Subordinating Conjunctions There are many subordinating conjunctions. This list does not include all of them.
A: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though B: because, before, by the time E: even if, even though I: if, in order that, in case L: lest O: once, only if P: provided that S: since, so that T: than, that, though, till U: unless, until W: when, whenever, where, wherever, while Eg. I put my coat on because it was cold."

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
These are always used in pairs. Example: This cookie contains neither chocolate nor nuts. both... and either... or neither... nor not only... but also whether... or

PREPOSITIONS
A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence.
Examples:

on, in, by, with, under, through, at ,

INTERJECTIONS
An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks..
Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, bye, Hurray!, Yuppie!, Oh no!, Ha!,

ARTICLES
An article is used to introduce a noun. There are two types of Articles: Definites and Indefinites.
The definite one is THE, and it is used to And the Indefinite ones are A, AN. We use A before anoun begiing with vowel. EXAMPLES: A yellow cat An amazing machine The big drill.