NOISE

1. Introduction
Noise is a general term which is used to describe an unwanted signal which affects a wanted signal. These unwanted signals arise from a variety of sources which may be considered in one of two main categories: Interference, usually from a human source (man made) Naturally occurring random noise Interference Interference arises for example, from other communication systems cross tal!", #$ %& supplies hum" and harmonics, switched mode power supplies, thyristor circuits, ignition car spar! plugs" motors ' etc.

1. Introduction (ont)d"
Natural Noise Naturally occurring external noise sources include atmosphere disturbance e.g. electric storms, lighting, ionospheric effect etc", so called *+!y Noise) or (osmic noise which includes noise from galaxy, solar noise and *hot spot) due to oxygen and water vapour resonance in the earth)s atmosphere.

Noise is the UNDESIRABLE ortion o! an electrical si"nal that inter!eres #ith the intelli"ence

Why is it important to study the effects of Noise? a)Todays telecom networks handle enormous volume of data b)The switching equipment needs to handle high traffic volumes as well c)our ability to recover the required data without error is inversely proportional to the magnitude of noise What steps are taken to minimize the effects of noise? d)Special encoding and decoding techniques used to optimize the recovery of the signal f) Transmission medium is chosen based on the bandwidth, end to end reliability requirements, anticipated surrounding noise levels and the distance to destination h) laborate error detection and correction mechanisms utilized in the communications systems

Types of Noise
!ain Two Types ") #ternal $oise %&ncorrelated $oise) 'tmospheric #traterrestrial !an(made )) *nternal $oise %+orrelated $oise or fundamental $oise)

Shot $oise Thermal $oise ,licker $oise -artition $oise Transit time $oise

") #ternal $oise %&ncorrelated $oise) Atmospheric: -roduced within the earths atmosphere. /ightning is common source. impulse or spike %noise form) which covers a wide frequency band up to 30 MHz (abo e 30 MHz! becomes insi"nificant#$ Sputtering, cracking etc. heard from the loud speakers of radio due to atmospheric noise. is

") #ternal $oise %&ncorrelated $oise) %&traterrestria' noise: -roduced outside the earths atmosphere %is called 0eep space) Sun and the outer space is common source. it is kno(n as e&traterrestria' noise$ *t can be sub divided into two groups )o'ar Noise ()ource * )un# +osmic Noise ()ource , )tar# (is ca''ed b'ack body noise#

") #ternal $oise %&ncorrelated $oise) Man made noise: is generated due to the make and break process in a current carrying circuit. #ample1 %'ectrica' motor! We'din" machines! -"nition system of the automobi'es! Thyristorised hi"h current circuits! .'uorescent 'i"hts! )(itchin" "ears etc$

)) *nternal $oise

%+orrelated $oise or fundamental $oise)

is originated within the electronics devices or circuits. are the integral part of the physical nature of the material used for making electronic components. this type of noise follow certain rules. So, *t can be eliminated by properly designing the electronics circuits and equipment2s. )hot Noise Therma' Noise .'icker Noise

/artition Noise Transit time Noise

)) *nternal $oise

%+orrelated $oise or fundamental $oise)

)hot Noise: is produced due to the random variations in the arrival of electrons or holes at the output electrode of an amplifying device. it appears as a randomly varying noise current superimposed on the output. 0sounds1 like a shower of lead shots falling on a metal sheet. it can be obtained on'y for diodes$ the mean square of shot noise current is given as )2uare -n 3 4 (- 5 4 -o# 2 6
- is direct current across the 7unction -o is re erse saturation current 2 is e'ectron char"e38$9:80*8; +$ 6 is effecti e 6and(idth in Hz$

)) *nternal $oise

%+orrelated $oise or fundamental $oise)

/artition noise: is generated when the current gets divided between two or more paths. due to random fluctuations in the division. its in a transistor will be higher than that in a diode. the device like gallium arsenide , T draw almost zero gate bias current, hence keeping the partition noise to its minimum value.

)) *nternal $oise

%+orrelated $oise or fundamental $oise)

.'icker noise: will appear at frequencies below a few kilohertz. is called as3"4f3 or low frequency noise *n semiconductor devices, the flicker noise is generated due to fluctions in the carrier density. carrier density will cause the fluctions in the conductivity of the material. This will produce a fluctuating voltage drop when a direct current flows through a device. This fluctuating voltage is called as flicker noise voltage. the mean square value of flicker noise voltage is proportional to the square of direct current flowing through the device.

)) *nternal $oise

%+orrelated $oise or fundamental $oise)

therma' or 7ohnson noise the free e'ectrons (ithin a conductor are a'(ays in random motion$ this random motion is due to the therma' ener"y recei ed by them$ The distribution of these free e'ectrons (ithin a conductor at a "i en instant of time is not uniform$ it is possib'e that an e&cess number of e'ectrons may appear at one end or the other of the conductor$ the a era"e o'ta"e resu'tin" from this non*uniform distribution is zero but the a era"e po(er is not zero$ as this po(er resu'ts from the therma' ener"y! is therma' noise po(er

)) *nternal $oise

%+orrelated $oise or fundamental $oise)

therma' or 7ohnson noise the a era"e therma' noise po(er is /n3 k T 6 (atts k is bo'tzman<s constant 38$3=:80*43 7ou'es>ke' in 6 is band(idth of the noise spectrum (Hz# T is temperature of the conductor! ?e' in

Therma' or 7ohnson noise %2ui a'ent circuits for therma' noise

Therma' or 7ohnson noise e2ui a'ent circuits for therma' noise -n3s2uare root (@AkT6# A3 8>B 3 +onductance

Transit time or hi"h fre2uency noise if the time taken by an e'ectron to tra e' from the emitter to the co''ector of a transistor becomes comparab'e to the period of the si"na' (hich is bein" amp'ified then the transit time effect taken p'ace$ this effect is obser ed at ery hi"h fre2uencies$ Cue to the transit time effect some of the carriers may diffuse back to the emitter$ this "i es rise to an input admittance! the conductance component of (hich increases (ith fre2uency$ the minute currents induced in the input of the de ice by the random f'uctuations in the output current (i'' create random noise at hi"h fre2uencies$ it "oes on increasin" (ith fre2uency at a rate of 9 d6 per octa e$

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