Review

Voice of the verb

Write A if the sentence is in active voice; P passive. 1.Phil designed the new faculty center. 2.Their very efficient secretary, Candice, brings all office vouchers up to date. 3.Perry is designing the curriculum for the Christian Education Program. 4.All the housework has been done by her cleaning lady, Isabela. 5.Ferb will direct the coming performance of the Bayanihan Dance Company.

 My father is reading the morning paper. The morning paper is being read by my father.

My father was reading the morning paper. The morning paper was being read by my father.

 My father reads the morning paper. The morning paper is read by my father. My father read the morning paper. The morning paper was read by my father. My father will read the morning paper. The morning paper will be read by my father.

 My father has read the morning paper. The morning paper has been read by my father. My father has been reading the morning paper. The morning paper has been being read by my father.

Subjunctive Mood
Used to express: a statement contrary to fact
If you were Jack, what would you say?

a request or command
The Sultan demanded that the diplomat leave the country.

a wish or prayer - I wish you were here.

The Lord be with you.

Subjunctive Mood
For all other verbs, the only difference between regular forms and the subjunctive is that the s is dropped in the third person singular. The landlady insisted that he pay his rent. The doctor urged that he take a vacation.

Subjunctive Mood
The words would have are not used in a clause beginning with if or even though. Substandard: If you would have waited, I would have introduced you. Standard: If you had waited, I would have introduced you.

Find the error in each of the following sentences. Supply the correct form.
1. The committee recommended that the money would be donated to the typhoon victims. 2. If our adviser was here, I think she would declare that motion out of order. 3. The judge ruled that the lawyers objection was sustained. 4. The candidate requested that he receives equal time on the air. 5. If you would have turned in your paper on time, you would not have such a low grade.

Find the error in each of the following sentences. Supply the correct form.
6. What would he do if he was in my place? 7. If you would have warned us, we would not have gone. 8. The traffic enforcer demanded that the driver shows his license. 9. The order is that each camper is equipped with a flashlight. 10. Even if you would have called, we could not have heard you.

Phrase Modifiers
Prepositional phrase consists of the preposition, its object (noun, pronoun, group of words used as noun), and modifiers of the object. After calling the Coast Guard, we resumed the search.

Phrase Modifiers
A prepositional phrase is a modifier (adjective or adverb). Adjective Phrases modify nouns or pronouns George is the student with the most potential. The energy of an atom is tremendous. The treaty between the two nations was signed in Geneva. *An adjective phrase always comes immediately after the noun or pronoun it modifies.

Phrase Modifiers
Adverb Phrases modify a verb, adjective, adverb. A phrase used as an adverb to tell how, how much, when, where, why, or to what extent about the word it modifies. Hank put the stereo speakers on the bookcase. The movie was successful beyond all expectations The hunters rose early in the morning.

Phrase Modifiers
When two or more prepositional phrases follow each other in succession, they may modify the same word, or one phrase may modify the object on the preceding phrase.

They arrived at the airport at the same time. Cape Horn is at the southernmost tip of South America. They found the baby playing in the middle of a pile of leaves.

Phrase Modifiers
Directions: Write each prepositional phrase and the word/s it modifies. 1. Early in the morning, we arrived at the lake. 2. There was a strange cry in the middle of the night. 3. The radio towers were visible for a distance of ten miles. 4. Below the North Pole, the sea has a depth of nearly three miles. 5. At the South Pole, there is a solid mass of ice.

Phrase Modifiers
Directions: Write each prepositional phrase and the word/s it modifies. 6. During the storm, the waves hurled heavy rocks onto the shore. 7. A crowd of angry natives gathered outside the embassy. 8. Before the railroads, settlers traveled along the river. 9. Before a holiday, a feeling of excitement pervades the school. 10.You can work at the museum after school.

Clause Modifiers
Adjective Clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a noun or a pronoun in the main clause.
*A majority of the adjective clauses in modern writing begin with an introductory word; however, there is a growing tendency to use adjective clauses without introductory words.

Clause Modifiers
There is the suit I need. (no introductory word) There is the suit that I needed. (that is an introductory word) The boat you wanted is out of stock. (no introductory word) The boat that you wanted is out of stock. (that is an introductory word)

Clause Modifiers
* The relative pronouns who, whose, whom, which, that are used to introduce adjective clauses. Phil is the one who got the most votes. There goes the man whose son is an astronaut. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor which the air contains.

Clause Modifiers
Adverb clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a verb, adjective, adverb, verbal in the main clause. Adverb clauses tell when, where, why, how, to what extent, and how much about the word they modify.

Clause Modifiers
Adverb Clauses Modifying Verbs They put the stop sign where few could see it. When the bell rings, everyone takes a coffee break. Adverb Clauses Modifying Adjectives Winter seems twice as long as it used to be. Kevin is as funny as his uncle is. Adverb Claus Modifying an Adverb Mary worked harder than her sisters did.

Clause Modifiers
Adverb Clause Modifying a Participle Laughing until he gasped for breath, Fred could not speak. Adverb Clause Modifying a Gerund Driving a car if you dont have a license is illegal. Adverb Clause Modifying a Infinitive We decided to remain in our seats so that we could watch the movie again.

Clause Modifiers
A subordinating conjunction may be placed before either of two main clauses to tie it to the other. Which clause is subordinate depends upon the meaning the writer wants to express. Although Mary tried her best, her cakes were failures. Although Marys cakes were failures, she tried her best.

Clause Modifiers
Subordinating conjunctions can be used to show a great variety of relationships between main ideas.
Time: as, after, before, since, until, when, whenever, while Cause or reason: because, since Comparison: as, as much as, than Condition: if, although, though, unless, provided Purpose: so that, in order that

Clause Modifiers
Directions: Find each clause modifier and the word it modifies. 1. The aerial photographs showed buildings which no one had ever seen. 2. Whenever there is an accident, a crowd gathers. 3. You can return the lamp if you dont like it. 4. While the car was being repaired, we walked down the road. 5. The man whom you spoke with is the director of our museum.

Clause Modifiers
Directions: Find each clause modifier and the word it modifies. 6. The energy that you are using came originally from the sun. 7. Do you have all the money you need for the Paris trip? 8. The books that we ordered in September finally arrived in November. 9. The people on the island are isolated until spring comes. 10. Since this was his first meeting, Bob said very little.

Sentence Structures
Simple Compound Complex Compound-Complex