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development, poverty reduction and health is reflected in the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 7 is to ensure environmental sustainability. Target 10 of the Goal calls for all the nations to Reduce by half the population of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO and UNICEF specifically monitor the country wise progress and describes the status and trends with respect to the use of safe drinking water and basic sanitation, and progress made towards the MDG drinking water and sanitation target.
sanitation facilities are used by less than two thirds of the world population. Virtually, the entire population of the developed regions uses improved facilities, but in the developing regions only around half the population uses improved sanitation. Though there are notable increases in the use of improved sanitation in certain regions, by far the greatest number of people without improved sanitation facilities are in Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Population without improved sanitation, (region wise) in 2008 (millions) UNICEF-WHO JMP 2010 Update
Globally over 2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation worldwide of which 650 million people reside in India.
access to improved sanitation in 2006. Coverage increased from 49 per cent in 1990 to 66 per cent in 2006. The regions population without access to sanitation decreased by 174 million, from 847 million in 1990 to 673 million in 2006. increase in coverage outpace population growth. The rate at which the region gained access to sanitation is sufficient to meet the MDG sanitation target of 75 per cent by 2015. In 7 countries of East Asia and the Pacific (Cambodia, Fed. States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Lao PDR, PNG, Solomon Islands and Timor Leste), sanitation coverage is less than 50 per cent.
Rural Total 1,161 1,155 1,113 1,033 1,661 1,870 1,969 2,103
Source: Status and Trends Drinking Water and Sanitation in East Asia and the Pacific, UNICEF
Population practising open defecation in countries with highest prevalence in 2006 (millions)
Indonesia,66 China, 37 Viet Nam, 10 Cambodia, 10 Philippines, 7.0 Myanmar, 2.8 Lao PDR, 2.6 Papua New Guinea, 1.1 Timor Leste, 0.5
Source: Status and Trends Drinking Water and Sanitation in East Asia and the Pacific, UNICEF
23% of all deaths can be attributed to environmental factors. Of these diarrhoeal contribute around 5% of global disease burden. 94% of the diarrhoeal disease burden is associated with unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene practices. In India, 7.8% of all deaths are due to water, sanitation and hygiene related. In India, 9.4% of DALYs lost due to WSH related diseases.
diarrhoea, cholera, poliomyelitis, etc. have been reported because of defecation in open due to lack of toilets. Public places like railway stations, bus stops, religious and tourist places, had no provision of public toilets. British Medical Journal conducted survey amongst experts and medical professionals to identify the best medical breakthroughs and scientific advances of the past 150 years - Sanitation Voted the Greatest Advance since 1840.
SANITATION SCENARIO
Asia, Africa & Latin America lagged in adopting the technologies of septic tank & sewerage system as these were not economically affordable. Just for example, the sewers were laid in Kolkata, India in 1870 and after 140 years only 269 towns/cities out of 5161 towns are sewer based and that too partially. At this rate, without further growth of towns and cities, it will take 3000 years to provide sewerage system in urban India. Women, the worst sufferers, had to go out for open defecation in the dark before sunrise or after sunset. Their dignity was at risk, subjected to criminal assaults and occasionally suffer from snake bites.
(2008 Status), 54% of urban household use latrine and another 21% use shared latrine. For rural areas the figures are 21% and 4% respectively. However, as per Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, GOI, the districts were reporting rural Sanitation coverage of 68% in 2010. It has been observed in India (Total Sanitation Campaign) and in Countries like Combodia (CITS), that sanitation prog. that neglect sustainable technology and adopt cheap, unscientific and environmentally unsustainable sanitation facilities, achieve Hygiene Behaviour Change in short term but face revarsal of behavior in the long term. (Reverting back to open defecation).
The surface soil should not be contaminated. There should be no contamination of the ground water that may enter by way of springs or wells. There should be no contamination of the surface water. Excreta should not be accessible to flies or animals. There should be no handling of fresh excreta. Or, when this was indispensable, it should be restricted to the barest minimum. There should be freedom from odours or unsightly conditions. The method used should be simple and inexpensive in construction and operation.
Technological Innovation
The perusal of WHOs books helped Dr. Pathak to develop a technology which has proved to be revolutionary. This was the first small step in the long journey of many thousand miles towards eradicating untouchability and social discrimination.
Dr. Pathak founded the Sulabh International Social Service Organization in 1970 with a purpose to: restore the human rights and dignity of the untouchable scavengers; help stop defecation in the open; and provide safe and hygienic toilets to all.
Technologies Developed
1. 2. 3. 4.
Dr. Pathak invented, innovated and developed the following technologies: Sulabh two-pit, pour-flush, compost toilet for individual household use. Sulabh Public toilet on Pay and Use for public places in non-sewered areas. Biogas Digester linked to Sulabh Public Toilet for biogas generation. Sulabh Effluent Treatment Plant for treatment of water discharged from biogas plant.
Sulabh technologies are scientifically appropriate, economically affordable, indigenous and culturally acceptable and take care of untouchability. Scavengers have been liberated through Sulabh Nai Disha programme from the sub-human occupation of cleaning and carrying human excreta as headload for its disposal.
PVC P trap is between 12-20 mm water seal which does not allow the gases or the smell from the pit to enter the toilet Where there is no factory or availability of PVC trap, anyone can pre-cast it so that it is not a constraint.
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The manure is taken out from the pit by the beneficiaries without involving scavengers as it is odourless, pathogen-free, semi-solid containing 1.8% nitrogen, 1.6% phosphate and 1% potassium.
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The manure is a rich fertiliser and soil conditioner which improves the productivity of the field and fruits and flowers, when used for agriculture/ horticulture.
So, manure obtained from 6 billion people is 6 billion x 40kgs. =240 billion kgs. or 240 million tones in a year
If, cost of 1kg. manure is Rs 5.00 or US 10 cent Then cost of 240 million tones of manure produced will be Rs. 12, 00,000 million or US$24,000 million
The Sulabh toilet can be constructed in the minimum possible space courtyard of a house or in the bedroom.
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Sulabh pour-flush toilet for linear space with common dividing wall in a narrow lane 24
Sulabh pour-flush toilet for least space with the toilet on top of the pits
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The Sulabh toilet can be constructed in areas where the water-table is high, in waterlogged, flood prone and high sub-soil water areas where the pits could be raised.
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The platforms on the Sulabh pits can be used for chopping fish.
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The platforms on the Sulabh pits can be used for chaffing grains
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the poorest of the poor, middle class and even the rich people can have the facilities of Sulabh toilets because the cost of construction is affordable and can vary from US$ 15 to US$ 1100.
The technology remains the same, only the building
materials differ and the period of cleaning of the pits. The minimum period of cleaning a pit is 2 years and maximum 40 years. Because the pits in the Sulabh toilets are earth based, having holes in the walls, gases are absorbed in the soil. This helps reduce global warming and improves the climate change.
Model No. 1
Model No. 2
Model No. 3
Model No. 4
Model No. 5
Model No. 6
Model No. 7
Model No. 8
Circular design without door and roof for people who want to enjoy sky and air 34 with privacy.
Model No. 9
Model No. 10
Toilet walls made of bricks with roof and wooden door- more expensive.
Brick toilet for those people who 35 can afford to spend more money
Model No. 11
Even the rich can get constructed Sulabh two-pit, pour flush toilets where there is no sewerage. The pits can be cleaned after 40 years.
In the Sulabh two-pit technology there is flexibility of design which the beneficiary can choose depending upon his affordability and size of family. 37