Session 2A Standards & Quality Grade.

Standard & it importance. Process of Standardization.

Chapter 14 P V Mehta & S K Bhardw Chapter 3 - Sara J Kadolph.

Standardization

Standardization is the process of developing and applying rules for a consistent and uniform approach to specific activity of the benefit and with the cooperation of all concerned. Thus, standardization involves series of actions by group of individuals who work towards a specific goal. Ex.

Why quality standards are Important ?

Industry Segments communication requirement across all the level. Individual & companies formed professional & trade organization to educate their members & enhance communication among each segments. Organization focus. - Identifying & defining terms. - Developing consistence practice (evaluating material & processes ) - The fundamental purpose to provide the consistency between products & product lines.

What is quality standard

- commonly agreed upon aid for communication & trade. - a set of characteristics or procedures that provide a basis for resource an production decisions.- Glock & Kunz. -It can be used for wide range of terms. -Textile terms & definition. - standard language promote the exchange of information.
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What is standard in reference to Quality Control.

Something that is established by authority, customs or general consent as model or example need to be followed. Something established for use as a rule or basis of comparison in measuring or judging the capacity, quantity, content, extent, value, quality etc. The type, model or example commonly or generally accepted or adhered to, criteria set for usage or practice. A level of excellence for attainment.

ISO definition of standard.

Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or definitions of characteristics, to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose.

Benefits of standard.

Facilitate commercial communication product or material & prevent misunderstanding. Production efficiency by standardization of parts, process and products. Interchangeable Needle no. Standard as a marketing strategy to promote Certification. Standardization enhance competition- company become more organized process management enhanced. Standards reduce cost & save money. Standard are also used to protect health & environment quality & promote safety.

Grade

Grade is defined as category or rank indicator of the totality of features & characteristics of a product or service intended for the same functional use or purpose, oriented at a specified cost related consumer/user market. Ex.

Difference between Standard & Grade.

Standard Vs. Grade

Types of standard.

Company Standards. Industry Standards. Government Standards. Full consensus standards. International Standard. National Standard.

Voluntary Standard.

VL allows to companies to determine their own std or to adopt a standard. Ex. ASTM Voluntary standard. - Voluntary standards may become incorported into laws, regulation or contracts.

Mandatory standard.

Mandotary standard is required to be followed by a law or regulation. MS are generally related to safety and health issues. Ex Childrens sleepwear.

Industry Standards.

Industry standard are developed by trade association or professional society. Industry standards reflects consensus among many companies in an industry or among individuals members of profession. Ex.

Company standard.
CS reflects consensus among employees for product or service. Company Standard used through out in the company from product development, purchasing, production, & quality assurance. Company Standard include fabric characteristics, materials used in the products, fit of the product and production methods. - Manufacturing & Service industry.

International Standards.

International Standard to facilitate trade & technology transfer among nations. International Standard describe a situation in which majority of the products or services conform to the same standard regardless of where the products was produced or service performed. The goal of IS is to enhance the product quality and reliability at reasonable prices, produce greater compatibility of goods & services, simplify and improve product & service usability and increase the distribution efficiency.

Sources of Standard

American Society for testing & Materials (ASTM) American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists( AATCC). American National Standards Institution (ANSI).

British Standards Institute ( BSI)

Bureau of Indian Standards.( BIS)

Sources of Standard

ISO. Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation- (TC)2 VICS. NIST. American Society for Quality.( ASQ )

ASTM International

ASTM International, originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), was formed over a century ago, when a forward-thinking group of engineers and scientists got together to address frequent rail breaks in the burgeoning railroad industry. Their work led to standardization on the steel used in rail construction, ultimately improving railroad safety for the public. As the century progressed and new industrial, governmental and environmental developments created new standardization requirements, ASTM answered the call with consensus standards that have made products and services safer, better and more cost-effective.

ASTM
ASTM International is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world-a trusted source for technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services. Known for their high technical quality and market relevancy, ASTM International standards have an important role in the information infrastructure that guides design, manufacturing and trade in the global economy. Worlds largest Non Government Standard writing body. Not for profit forum for producer, users, ultimate consumers & general interest meet to write for material, products, systems & services. Industries Medical devices, Metal, paint, plastics, textile, petroleum, construction, energy, electronics & many other industry.

ASTM

ASTM continues to play a leadership role in addressing the standardization needs of the global marketplace. ASTM continues to be the standards forum of choice of a diverse range of industries that come together under the ASTM umbrella to solve standardization challenges. In recent years, stakeholders involved in issues ranging from safety in recreational aviation, to fiber optic cable installations in underground utilities, to homeland security, have come together under ASTM to set consensus standards for their industries. Standards developed at ASTM are the work of over 30,000 ASTM members. These technical experts represent producers, users, consumers, government and academia from over 120 countries. Participation in ASTM International is open to all with a material interest, anywhere in the world.

ASTM

Every year ASTM standards are published For textile & apparel Volume 07.01 & 07.02. The standards developed by Committee D13 are on Textiles The 81-volume Annual Book of ASTM Standards contain over 11,000 standards written by 140 ASTM technical committees. From the work of 140 standard writing committee, ASTM develops six types of full censuses standard Test methods Specifications, Practices, Terminology. Guides

ASTM

ASTM Standards Referenced Test MethodsD 434 Resistance to Slippage of Yarns in Woven Fabrics Using a Standard Seam D 737 Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics D 1424 Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum Type (Elmendorf) Apparatus D 1683 Failure in Sewn Seams of Woven Fabrics D 2261 Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure D 3512 Random Tumble Pilling Tester Method D 3775 Fabric Count of Woven Fabric D 3776 Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric D 3786 Diaphram Bursting Strength Tester Method D 3787 Bursting Strength of Knitted Goods Trapezoid Procedure D 3884 Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method) D 3940 Bursting Strength and Elongation of Sewn Seams D 4151 Flammability of Blankets D 4231 Evaluation of Men's and Boy's Home Launderable Woven Dress Shirts and Sport Shirts D 4685 Pile Retention of Corduroy Fabrics D 4772 Surface Water Absorption of Terry Fabrics (Water Flow Test Method) D 5034 Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test) D 5035 Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method) D 5733 Tearing Strength of Nonwoven Fabrics by the Trapezoid Procedure Practices D 2904 Interlab Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data D 2906 Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles D 3777 Writing Specifications for Textiles D 4271 Writing Statements for Sampling in Test Methods for Textiles Practices D 1776 Conditioning Textiles for Testing Guides D 5489 Care Symbols/Care Instructions on Textile Products

AATCC.

From its founding in 1921, AATCC has focused on the dyeing & finishing of textiles. There are more than 7500 member from 63 countries. AATCC develops the internationally recognized standard test methods used by the industry, government, researchers and others. It develops procedures to assess the characteristics of materials and their performance in the areas of wet processing, dyeing, care, biological properties and other related factors. AATCC source of test method in areas of colorfastness, wet processing, fiber identification &textile chemistry.

AATCC.

AATCC also maintain relationship with organization & agencies and participate in activities with the ISO to bring the uniformity in testing procedure worldwide. AATCC also works with ANSI. Joint AATCC- ASTM committee. AATCC Publication. AATCC Review. AATCC & The Society of Dyers and Colorist, Collaborate in publishing Colour Index, a standard reference book that includes the information on dyes and pigments.

ISO

ISO is a non- governmental organization established in 1947. International Organization of standardization coordinates with many voluntary organization world wide. The existance of non-harmonized standards for similar technologies in different countries or regions can contribute to technical barrier of trade. Export oriented industries always felt the need to agree on world standards to help the international trade. This was the origin of establishment of ISO.

ISO

ISO 9000 series is a set of five individual but interrelated international standard on quality management & quality assurance. The ISO 9000 quality management standards are accepted by many countries. ISO certification must in some courtiers for certain trade. The ISO certification indicates that a company has met the criteria for the quality system that is well understood by all the employees of the company. Documentation & Auditing exist for various activities .

ISO 14000 Environmental Management System (EMS ) program enables any origination or company to formulate, implement and audit policies related to their impact on environment. Companies use ISO 14000 registration as a means of showing regulatory compliance with and commitment to environmental protection. ISO 18000 -

ANSI

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) coordinates development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the United States and represents the needs and views of U.S. stakeholders in standardization forums around the globe. The ANSI has served as in its capacity as administrator and coordinator of the United States private sector voluntary standardization system for 78 years. ANSI does not develop American National standards rather it facilitate development by establishing the consensus among qualified group.

ANSI

ANSI facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs). These groups work cooperatively to develop voluntary national consensus standards. Accreditation by ANSI signifies that the procedures used by the standards body in connection with the development of American National Standards meet the Institute's essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus and due process. ANSI is the official U.S. representative to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and, via the U.S. National Committee, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). ANSI is also a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IAF).

ANSI

The Institute oversees creation, promulgation and use of thousands of international norms and guidelines that directly impact businesses in nearly every sector: from acoustical devices to construction equipment, from dairy and livestock production to energy distribution, and many more. ANSI is actively engaged in accrediting programs that assess conformance to standards - including globally-recognized cross-sector programs such as the ISO 9000 (quality) and ISO 14000 (environmental) management systems.

BIS.
As the worlds first national standards organization, BSI British Standards has a globally recognized reputation for independence, integrity and innovation in the production of standards and information products that promote and share best practice. SI British Standards is the UK's National Standards Body (NSB) and was the world's first. It represents UK economic and social interests across all of the European and international standards organizations and through the development of business information solutions for British organizations of all sizes and sectors.

BSI British Standards works with manufacturing and service industries, businesses, governments and consumers to facilitate the production of British, European and international standards. Part of BSI Group, BSI British Standards has a close working relationship with the UK government, primarily through the Department for Innovation, University and Skills (DIUS). BSI British Standards is a non-profit distributing organization, which means that any profits are reinvested into the services it provides.

BSI

- It is a leading provider of standardization and consortia services to the public and private sectors, serving the interests of a wide range of industry sectors as well as governments, consumers, employees and society overall, to make sure that British, European and international standards are useful, relevant and authoritative

BSI

BSI British Standards has 27,000 current standards; this equals one for every 59 businesses in the UK. BSI standards cover everything from accounting to zoom lenses. There are approximately 6,000 standards in development at any one time. Over 130,000 BSI standards are sold each year in hard copy alone. 6,000 people from 1,800 organizations are involved in helping BSI to make approximately 1700 standards each year. The most popular standard in the world (ISO 9001 Quality management systems. Requirements) is used by over 670,000 organizations in 154 countries. Both ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 began as British standards, as did some of the other top global standards (eg health & safety

BIS

During the pre independence period, standardization activity was sporadic and confined mainly to a few Government purchasing organization. However, immediately after independence, economic development through coordinated utilization of resources was called for and the government recognized the role for standardization in gearing industry to competitive efficiency and quality production. The Indian Standards Institution (ISI) was, therefore, set up in 1947 as a registered society, under a Government of India resolution. The Indian Standards Institution gave the nation the standards it needed for nationalization, orderly industrial and commercial growth, quality production and competitive efficiency. However, in 1986 the government recognized the need for strengthening this National Standards Body due to fast changing socio-economic scenario and according it a

BIS

Thus came the Bureau of Indian Standards Act 1986 and on 1 April 1987, newly formed BIS took over staff assets, liabilities and functions of erstwhile ISI. Through this change over, the Government envisaged building of the climate of quality culture and consciousness and greater participation of consumers in formulation and implementation of National Standards. BIS is engaged in formulation of Indian Standards for the following sectors :
Basic & Production Engineering

Chemicals Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Transport Engineering Electronics and Information Technology Electro technical Food and Agriculture Management and Systems Medical Equipment and Hospital Planning Metallurgical Engineering & Petroleum Coal and Related Products Textile Water Resources