SIME DARBY NURSING AND HEALTH SCIENCES COLLEGE

DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY JULY 2012 INTAKE

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2 MLTC 1222

Salmonella typhi (Serogroup D)
PRESENTED BY VISANATHAN DML/0542/12

HISTORY

Genus- Salmonella
Was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, an American veterinary pathologist (1850-1914) Theobald Smith was the actual discover of the type Bacterium (Salmonella enterica var. cholerasuis) in 1985

Daniel Elmer Salmon

Theobald Smith

Species- Salmonella typhi

Typhi got its name from Typhoid fever that caused by the typhoid bacillus Typhoid bacillus was 1st observed by Eberth (1880) and was isolated by Gaffky (1884) Known as the Eberth Gafky bacillus or Eberthella typhi

INTRODUCTION

 Salmonella typhi is only can be found in human beings It is a type of bacterium that can cause typhoid fever in human beings

CLASSIFICATION

 Kingdom: Eubacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria

Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales Family: Enterobacteriaceae Genus: Salmonella Species: S. typhi

MORPHOLOGY

 Gram-negative rod (bacilli bacteria) Enterobacteriaceae family Non-sporing Non-capsule Motile (peritrichous flagella) Facultatively anaerobic

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella typhi under microscopic view

SOURCES OF INFECTION

 Drinking contaminated water

Consuming milk and other types of dairy products

Meats and meat based products

Household pets

PATHOGENESIS

 Salmonella typhi infections are a zoonotic disease meaning that the infection can spread between animals and people.
Salmonella typhi is transmitted from animals to humans and humans to humans by the fecal oral route. Salmonella typhi can be passed from one person to another through poor hygiene. Example, Salmonella typhi can be passed from one person to another by not properly washing hands after using the bathroom or after changing a diaper.

In humans, Salmonella typhi are the cause of two diseases called Salmonellosis:
Enteric fever (typhoid), resulting from bacterial invasion of the bloodstream. Acute gastroenteritis, resulting from a foodborne infection/intoxication.

GENETIC VARIATION

 May lose the H antigen and become non motile Loss of O antigen is associated with the change from smooth to rough colony Vi antigens may be lost as partially or completelly

Antigens may be acquired or lost during the transduction process.

SPECIMEN COLLECTION

Main specimens:
Whole blood/Clotted blood Stool

Urine

Other specimens: Bone marrow Cerebrospinal fluid Culture of bile obtained by duodenal aspiration

CULTURE MEDIA

Salmonella typhi in Macconkey Agar

Salmonella typhi in Wilson Blair Medium

Xylose Lysine Deoxychocolate (XDL) Agar

SEROLOGICAL TESTING

Widal test An old serologic assay used to detect IgM and IgG antibodies to the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhi. Bacteria causing the typhoid fever are mixed with serum containing specific antibodies obtained from an infected individual. The test in unrealiable but widely used in developing countries due to the low costs.

There are other newer serological methods which more sensitive and accurate than Widal test but infrequently available.

CONFORMATION ANALYSIS :
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
SLIDE AGGLUTINATION METHOD

Indole Test = Purpose = Biochemical test performed on bacterial species to determine the ability of the organism to convert tryptophan into the indole Results = Negative Methyl Red Test = Purpose = Determines whether the microbe performs mixed acids fermentation when with supplied glucose. Results = Positive

Voges Proskaeur Test =

Purpose = Determine whether an organism can produce acetylmethylcarbinol (acetoin) from fermentation of glucose. Results = Negative Citrate Test = Purpose = Determine the abilities to ferment certain sugars, decarboxylate amino acids and utilize citrate. Results = Positive

Indole Test

Methyl Red Test

Voges-Proskaeur Test

Simmons Citrate Test

Slide Agglutination Method =

A small amount of serum is obtained from the patient's blood sample

Mixed with Salmonella antigens on a slide and rotated. Formation of clumps indicates a positive test.

SYMPTOMS

 Prolonged fever
Headache Muscle pain Constipation Nausea

 Vomiting

Diarrhea
Abdominal discomfort

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Treatment : Penicillin Erythromycin

Oxycycline
Etracycline Intravenous antibiotics

 Preventive antibiotics

Amoxicillin
Ampicillin Oral antibiotic

Prevention :
Frequent hand washing is essential Eat more fruit and vegetables Be cautious when consuming foods and drinks especially from outside (stalls)

OUTBREAK :
FOOD POISONING IN TANJONG DAWAI , ALOR SETAR , KEDAH (2013)

 This happened on 28 September 2013 during a wedding reception feast.

More than 2000 guests were served with chickens which is contaminated with Salmonella bacteria.

State Health Department director Dr Ismail Abu Taat said Salmonella bacteria was commonly found in livestock and the department concluded that those who prepared the dish failed to clean the chicken properly.

 Dr Ismail said earlier investigations revealed that the chicken used for the ayam masak merah dish had been sent to the host in Kampung Huma a day before the wedding reception.The chicken was sent to the house on Friday evening but it was only cooked at 4pm the next day.

This had allowed the bacteria to breed in the chicken. Investigation also revealed that the chicken was contaminated and gave off a foul smell.
However, those who prepared the dish only removed the spoiled portion and cook the meat.

 More than 280 guests, including the bride's family, suffered acute food poisoning symptoms, such as diarrhoea and vomiting, after the feast. Four guests died.

VIDEO :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJdJ4wDF o7E

THANK YOU