Control of Power Systems

Prepared By A K K Tahira Tasneem Assistant Professor - EEE

Outline
Review of AGC and reactive power control System operating states by security control functions Monitoring, evaluation of system state by contingency analysis Corrective controls (Preventive, emergency and restorative) Energy control center SCADA system Functions monitoring , Data acquisition and controls EMS system.

Review of AGC and reactive power control

Modern implementation of automatic generation control (AGC) schemes usually consists of a central location where information pertaining to the system is telemetered. Control actions are determined in a digital computer and then transmitted to the generation units via the same telemetry channels.

To implement an AGC system 1. Unit megawatt output for each committed unit. 2. Megawatt flow over each tie line to neighboring systems. 3. System frequency.

 The use of digital telemetry is becoming commonplace in modern systems wherein supervisory control. That is opening and closing substation breakers, telemetry information and control information (i.e) unit raise/lower is all sent via the same channels.

 The basic reset control loop for a unit consists of an integrator with gain K

Basic generation control loop.

Basic generation control loop via telemetry.

ACE calculation.

Overview of AGC logic.

AGC Features
Assist action Filtering of ACE Telemetry failure logic Unit control detection Ramp control Rate limiting Unit control modes

System operating states by security control functions

A power system may be operated in several different states depending on the condition of the components of the system.

Normal

E,I

Restart ,I

Preventive Control E,I

Restorative

Alert

Resynchronisation

Emergency Control

Extremis

Emergency E ,

E Equality Constraint: I Inequality Constraints and - Negation

Normal State
The system is, for most of the time, in its normal state. Frequency and Voltages are kept at rated or prescribed values. Real and Reactive power demanded by the loads match with the output of sources. E Equality I Inequality Loading of generators, transformers or transmission line is with in their rating or capacity limits.

Alert State
If the capacity margin below the threshold value or if a disturbance occurs, the security level is reduced and the system enters alert state. All equalities and inequalities are maintained. The system operates fully synchronized. Preventive control actions need to be initiated to restore reserve margin.

Emergency State
Second contingency occurs before preventive action is effected. It may reached directly from normal state, if the original disturbance is more severe. The generation still tracks the load and the system remains synchronized. It is most urgent that the system be returned to a normal or at least alert state.

Restorative State
The system may be brought back to normal state either through restorative state or through emergency state. A nuclear reactor requires more time to restart.

Contingency Analysis
To predict the effect of outages, contingency analysis techniques are used. Single line failure, multiple equipment failure and all possible outages are studied.

Start
Set system model to initial conditions

i=1
Simulatie an outage of generator i Any line flow exceeds limit Any bus exceeds voltage outside limit

Yes
NO

Display Alarm message

Yes
NO

Display Alarm message

i= i=1

NO

Last generator done

I=1
Simulate an outage of line l Any line flow exceeds limit Any bus exceeds voltage outside limit Last line done

Yes Yes
NO

Display alarm message Display alarm message

NO

l=i=1

NO

end

Energy Control Centers

The energy control center (ECC) has traditionally been the decision-center for the electric transmission and generation interconnected system. Minute-by-minute physical and economic operation of the power system.

 In the continental U.S., there are only three interconnected regions:

1. Eastern, 2. Western, and 3. Texas,

But there are many control areas, with each control area having its own ECC.

 Maintaining integrity and economy of an inter-connected power system requires significant coordinated decision-making. So one of the primary functions of the ECC is to monitor and regulate the physical operation of the interconnected grid. Two-level hierarchy of ECCs
Independent System Operator (ISO) - highlevel decision-making. The transmission owner ECC - lower-level decision-making.

High-level view of the ECC

Remote terminal unit
Communication link

Substation

SCADA Master Station

Energy control center with EMS

EMS 1-line diagram

27 EMS alarm display

ECC Components
Breaker/Switch Status Indications System Model Description Network Topology program Updated System Electrical Model Display to Operator Power flows, Voltages etc., Display to Operator Analog Measurements Generation Raise/Lower Signals AGC State Estimator Output Substation RTUs Economic Dispatch Calculation Generator Outputs Bad Measurement Alarms Telemetry & Communicatio ns equipment State Estimator

SCADA

OPF

Security Constrained OPF

Contingency Analysis

Contingency Selection

Overloads & Voltage Problems

Potential Overloads & Voltage Problems

Display Alarms

 The system control function traditionally used in electric utility operation consists of three main integrated subsystems: The energy management system (EMS) The supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), and The communications interconnecting the EMS and the SCADA.

SCADA system
Supervisory control indicates that the operator, residing in the energy control center (ECC), has the ability to control remote equipment. Data acquisition indicates that information is gathered characterizing the state of the remote equipment and sent to the ECC for monitoring purposes.

A SCADA system performs four functions: 1. Data acquisition 2. Networked data communication 3. Data presentation 4. Control

These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components: 1. Sensors (either digital or analogue) and control relays that directly interface with the managed system. 2. Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering reports from sensors and delivering commands to control relays. 3. SCADA master units. These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and automatically regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs. 4. The communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the field.

 The monitoring equipment is normally located in the substations and is consolidated in the remote terminal unit (RTU). The RTUs are equipped with microprocessors having memory and logic capability. Newer RTUs generally have intranet or internet capability. Relays located within the RTU, on command from the ECC, open or close selected control circuits to perform a supervisory action.

Such supervisory actions are Opening or closing of a circuit breaker or switch Modifying a transformer tap setting Raising or lowering generator MW output or terminal voltage Switching in or out a shunt capacitor or inductor The starting or stopping of a synchronous condenser.

 Information gathered by the RTU and communicated to the ECC includes both analog information and status indicators. Analog information includes
Frequency, Voltages, Currents, and Real and Reactive power flows.

Status indicators include

Alarm signals (over-temperature, low relay battery voltage, illegal entry) Whether switches and circuit breakers are open or closed.

Information is provided to the ECC through a periodic scan of all RTUs.

Communication technologies
The form of communication required for SCADA is telemetry. Telemetry may be analog or digital. In analog telemetry, a voltage, current, or frequency proportional to the quantity being measured. In digital telemetry, the quantity being measured is converted to a code in which the sequence of pulses transmitted indicates the quantity.

Computer Quantity to be telemetered Transducer A/D converter Telemeter transmitter Telemeter receiver D/A converter Signal circuit (wire line, PLC, microwave, etc.)

Indicating meter

Recording meter

Block Diagram of Telemetering System

Energy Management System (EMS)

The EMS is a software system. Most utility companies purchase their EMS from one or more EMS vendors. These EMS vendors are companies specializing in design, development, installation, and maintenance of EMS within ECCs.

Industrial for Power EMS

Electrical Process System configuration Functionality Power EMS References Benefits

Why Power EMS?

Critical Loads Limited In-plant Generation Insufficient reliability of Public Grid
Several Generators Contracted Power Importation Different Electrical Operational Configurations possible

Complex Distribution Networks Local only Control facilities

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Load Shedding

Power Control

Mode Control

SCADA

Power EMS System Overview

Fast Functions are performed by Controllers:

X-terminals (Process DCS)

Load Shedding / Re-Acceleration / Re-Starting Power Control

OperateIT EngineeringIT

TCP/IP Network

Mode Control
Serial links to AVR Serial links to Governor Serial Links to Emergency Diesel Generator
ABB Network Partner

ControlIT

FEEDER TERMINAL

REF541

ABB Network Partner

FEEDER TERMINAL

REF541

ABB Transmit Oy Network Partner

ABB Transmit Oy Network Partner

Uaux = 80...2 65 Vdc/ac

fn = 50 Hz

Ion = 1/5 A (Io)

Un = 100/110 V (U)

1MRS xxxxxx
98 15 0

Uaux = 80...2 65 Vdc/ac

fn = 50 Hz

Ion = 1/5 A (Io)

Un = 100/110 V (U)

1MRS xxxxxx
98 15 0

In = 1/5 A (I)

Uon = 100/110 V (Uo)

9 50 9

In = 1/5 A (I)

Uon = 100/110 V (Uo)

9 50 9

S800 I/O

MCC
ABB Network Partner

ACS 601
FEEDER TERMINAL REF541
ABB Network Partner

FEEDER TERMINAL

REF541

ABB Transmit Oy Network Partner

ABB Transmit Oy Network Partner

Substation 1 Substation 2 Substation N

Uaux = 80...2 65 Vdc/ac

fn = 50 Hz

Ion = 1/5 A (Io)

Un = 100/110 V (U)

1MRS xxxxxx
98 15 0

Uaux = 80...2 65 Vdc/ac

fn = 50 Hz

Ion = 1/5 A (Io)

Un = 100/110 V (U)

1MRS xxxxxx
98 15 0

In = 1/5 A (I)

Uon = 100/110 V (Uo)

9 50 9

In = 1/5 A (I)

Uon = 100/110 V (Uo)

9 50 9

Substation Z

Functionality Power EMS

Load Shedding Active and Reactive Power Control Supervision, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Mode Control Re-Acceleration / Re-Starting Synchronisation

Functionality Power EMS

Load Shedding

With Without Load Load Shedding Shedding

Load Shedding: The types

Fast Load Shedding on Loss of Power Resources Load Shedding on Frequency Drop Slow Load Shedding on Overload Slow Load Shedding for Peak Shaving Manual Load Shedding

Power EMS Load Shedding: Keywords

Fast Exact Flexible Co-ordinated Deterministic Security and Reliability Accurate Event Logging Operator Guidance Independent Back-up System

Integration with supervisory systems

Plant Information Systems - MIS Regional Dispatch Centres Power Generation Co-ordination Centres Energy Trading Utility Management Systems Process DCS

Thank You